World War II Allied Leaders at the Tehran Conference

The Tehran Conference was the first of two meetings of the Big Three Allied leaders—Premier Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt, and Great Britains Prime Minister Winston Churchill—held at the request of the U.S. President at the height of World War II. Planning As World War II raged around the globe, Roosevelt  began calling for a meeting of the leaders from the key Allied powers. While  Churchill  was willing to meet, Stalin  played coy. Desperate to make a conference happen, Roosevelt conceded several points to Stalin, including choosing a location that was convenient to the Soviet leader. Agreeing to meet in Tehran, Iran on Nov. 28, 1943, the three leaders planned to discuss D-Day, the war strategy, and how best to defeat Japan. Preliminaries Wishing to present a unified front, Churchill first met Roosevelt in Cairo, Egypt, on Nov. 22. While there, the two leaders discussed war plans for the Far East  with Chiang Kai-shek, at the time the Chinese director of the State Council, the equivalent to President of his country. While in Cairo, Churchill found he was unable to engage Roosevelt regarding the upcoming meeting in Tehran, and the American president remained withdrawn and distant. Arriving in Tehran on Nov. 28, Roosevelt intended to deal with Stalin personally, though his declining health prevented him from operating from a position of strength. The Big Three Meet The first of only two wartime meetings between the three leaders, the Tehran Conference opened with Stalin brimming with confidence after several major victories on the Eastern Front. Opening the meeting, Roosevelt and Churchill sought to ensure Soviet cooperation in achieving the Allies war policies. Stalin was willing to comply: However, in exchange, he demanded Allied support for his government and the partisans in Yugoslavia, as well as border adjustments in Poland. Agreeing to Stalins demands, the meeting moved on to the planning of Operation Overlord (D-Day) and the opening of the second front in Western Europe. Though Churchill advocated for an expanded Allied push through the Mediterranean, Roosevelt, who was not interested in protecting British imperial interests, insisted that the invasion take place in France. With the location settled, it was decided that the attack would come in May 1944. As Stalin had been advocating for a second front since 1941, he was very pleased and felt that he had accomplished his principal goal for the meeting. Moving on, Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated. As the conference began to wind down, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the end of the war and reaffirmed their demand that only unconditional surrender would be accepted from the Axis Powers and that the defeated nations would be divided into occupation zones under U.S., British, and Soviet control. Other minor issues were dealt with before the conferences conclusion on Dec.  1,  1943, including the three agreeing to respect the government of Iran and to support Turkey if it was attacked by Axis troops. Aftermath Departing Tehran, the three leaders returned to their countries to enact the newly decided war policies. As would happen at Yalta in 1945, Stalin was able to use Roosevelts weak health and Britains declining power to dominate the conference and achieve all of his goals. Among the concessions he gained from Roosevelt and Churchill was a shifting of the Polish border to the Oder and Neisse Rivers and the Curzon line. He also gained de facto permission to oversee the establishment of new governments as countries in Eastern Europe were liberated. Many of the concessions made to Stalin at Tehran helped set the stage for the Cold War once World War II ended. Selected Sources The Tehran Conference, November 28-December 1, 1943. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Development. Lillian Goldman Law Library 2008. Web. May 30, 2018.​1943: Allies United after Tehran Conference. BBC: On This Day. BBC 2008. Web. May 30, 2018.The Tehran Conference, 1943. Milestones: 1937-1945. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Web. May 30, 2018.

Ir The Islamic Republic Of Iran - 1413 Words

First, I would like to give an overall background of the country Iran. Iran is officially known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, the name change was due to its revolution from 1978 to 1979 when the ruling monarchy was overthrown by Shitte Mulims. Iran was also known as Persia until 1935 until Nazi Germany influenced the Iranian government to change its name to Iran. Following the revolution, Iran adopted its current theocratic government and first Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who was chosen by a 86-member body of clerics know as the Assembly of Experts who are responsible for carefully selecting and monitoring the Supreme Leader. Ruhollah Khomeini was succeeded by current Supreme Leader, Ali Hosseini Khamenei. The relationship between the United States and Iran became tense when a group of Iranians held hostage U.S. personnel in Tehran’s U.S. Embassy, the country’s capital, for over a year between 1979 and 1981. Iran would fight Iraq between 1980 and 198 8 in what became known as the Iran-Iraq war. This war would expand out to the Persian Gulf where the U.S.’s and Iran’s military would battle each other in what turned into The Gulf War which took place from 1990 to 1991. Under U.S. eyes, Iran has become a supporter of terrorism due to its involvement with it and because of its current nuclear program. Iran recently replaced its president due to Ahmadi-Nejad’s winning streak for the presidential election. The current president is Dr. Hasan Fereidun Ruhani whoShow MoreRelatedIr The Islamic Republic Of Iran1776 Words   |  8 PagesIran has seen drastic changes since the year 1979 after the Iranian Revolution. Primarily due to the original infrastructure being overthrown by extremist Shia Muslim rebels. Iran was once a western-influenced country, but over the past 35 years, it has transitioned into a theocratic government and unfavorably viewed country as of recently. This assessment will outline a brief country background for better understanding and will be discussing current events, threats to and from Iran. It will alsoRead MoreCountry Of Iurasia1507 Words   |  7 PagesIran (Persian: Ø §Ã›Å'Ø ±Ã˜ §Ã™â€  IrÄ n [Ê”iË Ã‹Ë†Ã‰ ¾Ã‰â€™Ã‹ n] (About this sound listen)), also known as Persia[10] (/ˈpÉÅ"Ë rÊ’É™/),[11] officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: Ø ¬Ã™â€¦Ã™â€¡Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ±Ã›Å' Ø §Ã˜ ³Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã›Å' Ø §Ã›Å'Ø ±Ã˜ §Ã™â€  Jomhuri-ye EslÄ mi-ye IrÄ n (About this sound listen)),[12] is a sovereign state in Western Asia.[13][14] With about 81 million inhabitants,[6] Iran is the worlds 18th-most-populous country.[15] Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largestRead MoreTotalitarianism and Literary Reference Online.1405 Words   |  6 Pagescountry where it is illegal to watch movies, listen to music, or even play cards. 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To illustrate, on the negative side, I know in many countries like Iran the gay people never can have this chance to adopting a child. At the same time, the first world is changing the rules and makes a better situation for the gay community. Throughout the years, more and more gay men and lesbian women have risen fromRead MoreA Project Report on â€Å"Swot Analysis of Indian Foreign Exchange Markets6895 Words   |  28 PagesInternational Finance Page 6 Increase in Instruments in the Foreign Exchange Market †¢ The rupee-foreign currency swap market was allowed. †¢ Additional hedging instruments such as foreign currency-rupee options, cross-currency options, interest rate swaps (IRS) and currency swaps, caps/ collars and forward rate agreements (FRAs) were introduced. 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X v Y and Y Republic of Haiti v Duvalier (1990) Q.B. 202. d) Necessary or proper party: Chancy v Murphy (1948) W.N. 130 Witted v Galbraith (1949) A.C. 326; The Brabo (1949) A.C. 326 Multinational Gas v M.GRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pageswithout having to suffer the ensuing backlash from the discord he has sowed †¢ Identity protected by veil of anonymity †¢ E.g. â€Å"Everyone Draw Muhammad Day† NO: Brought us beyond our self-absorbed perspectives †¢ Interconnected †¢ E.g. Iran elections †¢ Allowing the circumvention of restrictions placed on traditional media †¢ Allow a plethora of new and alternative perspectives to come through †¢ Opening our eyes to the larger world beyond what we experience in our everyday lives

Analysis Of The Sphinx And Of Mice And Men

The Sphinx’s Judgement As the Sphinx riddled to Oedipus in Sophocles’s epic ,Oedipus Rex , â€Å"A thing there is whose voice is one ; Whose Feet are four and two and three . So Mutable a thing is none. That moves in Earth or sky or sea. When on most feet this thing doth go, its strength is weakest and its pace slow† In response, Oedipus answered to the Sphinx , â€Å"Man, who crawls on fours as a baby, then walks with two feet as an adult and then uses a walking stick in old age† leading to the Sphinx destroying itself and Oedipus to later take the throne in the city the Sphinx was guarding. In many ways, the Sphinx is analogous to the American Dream where many people are devoured by it while a small quantity ever â€Å"solve the riddle† and achieve their American Dream. In the 1937 novelette, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck incorporates the American Dream in the setting of the Great Depression in Tyler’s Ranch , California . During the Great Depression, many workers w ent into an exodus from the South and Midwest to California in light of the Dust Bowl . George Milton and his colleague, Lennie Smalls, perpetually endeavor to find stable employment. At Tyler’s Ranch, George and Lennie assume the occupation as barley pickers. Over George and Lennie’s duration of time at Tyler’s Ranch, they meet Candy , a Swamper, who has lost his right hand during work one day collapsing his American Dream. Through John Steinbeck’s harsh reality, Steinbeck presents the characters the adult George Milton

Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination. Answer: Introduction: Influenza can be defined as one of the most highly reported infectious diseases of Australia and other developed as well as developing nations; for Australia, this year the nation has seen the highest activity level since the pandemic year of 2009. One of the greatest concerns for the recent flu outbreaks is the common antibiotic resistant strains that do not respond to common antibiotics and become very difficult to control once the disease spreads. Hence, the most effective prevention option that the health care industry has is the variety of different vaccines available. This assignment will discuss the burden of influenza, the causes and risk factors, and vaccine requirements for the most vulnerable age groups (over 65 years of age) along with a brief description of the disease, types of vaccines, type of vaccine suitable for the target vulnerable population (over 65), rationale for the choice of the type of vaccine, contraindication, herd immunity, management of negative respons e in patients and the critical review of the need for community nurses to have vaccinations in Influenza prevention. Influenza can be defined as one of the most contagious viral infections. This disease affects the upper respiratory apparatus. Influenza outbreak is a very common phenomenon and it still occurs every three to five years resulting in death of a least 5 to 10 % of the total population of Australia (Duncan, 2016). There are different types of influenza pathogen strains and each strain varies with respect to virulence. The mode of transmission in Influenza is by the droplet transfer between individuals. This pathogen is generally inhaled; it attacks the respiratory tract of the host and gives rise to the typical symptoms. These typical symptoms include fever, chilling tremors, fatigue and hacking coughs, and in certain cases even acute body pain (Duncan, 2016). Although, 20% of the Influenza risk is at the children, although for the age group of the older adults aged over 65 years also are at around 10 % of total risk for influenza (Domnich et al., 2017). Since the older adults (aged ove r 65) are considered a vulnerable population (a population which is extremely at risk to acquiring the disease), it is strongly recommended that they receive targeted flu vaccines. There are different types of influenza vaccines, of which the live attenuated influenza vaccine is administered intranasally and sold under the trade name of FluMist and Fluenz. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are administered at the intramuscular junction. Subconjugate vaccines are also used for influenza, in the form of injections (Sridhar, Brokstad Cox, 2015). The vulnerable population under focus for this assignment will be on the older adults (over 65). Adults over the 65 years of age have compromised immune system and hence they have lesser immunity towards diseases like influenza, hence they are considered the vulnerable population. As per Demicheli et al. (2018), the risk of flu and flu related complications like the influenza is at least 2 to 3 times higher than the rest of the patient populations, in the older adults (over 65). In this age group, the influenza increases the risk for heart attacks by 3-5 times and stroke or TIA by 2-3 times, just within 2 weeks of infection. As a result, more targeted preventative measures designed with the particular needs of the older patient population in mind, such as Flu shots designed specifically targeting the compromised immunity of this population. The influenza vaccine for the older adults are generally high dose vaccines and contains at least 4 times more concentrated antigens than the ant igen concentration of the standard vaccine doses. It has to be mentioned that for the older adults, the adjuvanted flu vaccines can also be taken (DiazGranados et al., 2014). For the children aged 6-35 months, FluQuadri junior is recommended while the children older than 36 months receive Fluarix Tetra or Fluquadri (Health.nsw.gov.au., 2018). For the age group of 18 to 64 years of age, the standard flu vaccine that is recommended is Afluria Quad. However, for the age group of 65 and above, the most suitable flu vaccine recommended is the Fluzone high dose (or Fluad) vaccine, and it is usually given on an annual basis. It is given from September until mid November given the fact that the flu season runs from October to May in Australian demographics (Grohskopf et al., 2016). Fluzone high dose or Fluad are the booster vaccines that are formulated specifically for the older adults over the age of 65 years. These vaccines contain 4 times dose of influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B-Yamagata strains. Older adults require higher antibody strength in order to attain immunity against the Flu outbreaks than the other age groups (Grohskopf et al., 2014). This is because older adults that are 65 or above have been reported to produce 50-75 % lesser antibodies than the younger adults leading to ineffective protection. 60% of the seniors that had been vaccinated with Fluzone vaccine had represented higher resistance to the Flu outbreak. According to the research, there is 25% reduction in the incidence of the regular Flu in the older adults that received Fluzone high dose or Fluad booster dose annually when compared to standard vaccine (Duncan, 2016). Hence, based on the above stated evidence, Fluzone high dose or Fluad is the most effective flu vaccination for the olde r adults belonging to the age group of 65 and above (Health.nsw.gov.au., 2018). The annual booster dose requirements for Fluad are 0.5 mL pre-filled syringe containing 15 g haemagglutinin of each of the three recommended influenza virus strains, adjuvanted with MF59C.1 (including 9.75 mg squalene and 1.175 mg polysorbate 80). He annual booster dose for Fluzone are 0.5 mL pre-filled syringe including 60 g haemagglutinin of each of the three recommended influenza virus strains; 1 g ovalbumin; 100 g formaldehyde; 250 g octoxinol 9 (Immunise.health.gov.au., 2018). The side effects of the Flu vaccine are not many, however, for the high dose variant, the impact of the side effects are enhanced. For instance the side effects of the regular or the standard such as the fever and inflammation of the injection site is more persistent and aggravated in case of the high dosage version of the Fluzone. These side effects generally persist for a week or more for the Fluzone high dose shots in the adults over 65 (Haq McElhaney, 2014). The dosage and administration needs to be accurate in case of the older age groups for their reduced immune strength and enhanced vulnerability. Fluzone high dose should always be administered as a single intramuscular dose and it should be given in the deltoid muscles of the patient. And the most preferable concentration of the dosage is generally 0.5 mL/Intramuscular for one dose in the age group of 65 and above (Demicheli et al., 2018). However, the most important contraindication for Fluzoen high dose is the aggravating hypersensitive reaction to egg proteins. Patients with a history of recent Guillain-Barr syndrome, this Flu shot cannot be provided. Along with that for the patients that are being given immunosuppressive therapy cannot be given Fluzone high dose either (Lau et al., 2012). Herd immunity can be defined as the herd effect on the community immunity. It is the kind of indirect protection given against the different communicable outbreaks. It is facilitated when a large portion of the entire community has attained immunity to a particular infection and in turn provides a small and indirect measure of protection for the individuals that have not taken the immunization. The main principle behind this concept is the fact that in a population where the majority is immune against a particular communicable outbreak, the chain of infection is more likely to be disrupted easily (Plans-Rubi, 2012). Herd immunity also acts like a significant evolutionary pressure on particular viruses forcing the disruption of the progression chain. Attaining immunity can also be difficult for some people due to genetic disorders or immuno-compromised patients. In such cases herd immunity also acts like a significant barrier for them as well providing them with some form of protectio n. The vaccines need to be effective as the goal for vaccinating people is to achieve herd immunity. When a community is actively and effectively vaccinated against the disease, it provides the unvaccinated or immuno-compromised individual with a safety net. Therefore, taking the timely age adjusted flu-shots is not just a measure for personal protection but also is a collective community protection measure (Haq McElhaney, 2014). As a community nurse, the risk of exposure to influenza virus is extremely high, it has to be mentioned that the 90% of the total deaths due to influenza is attributed to the age group of 65 and above (Yaqub, Castle-Clarke, Sevdalis Chataway, 2014). And close to 70% of the older adults get influenza infections in a yearly basis and along with that for more than 50% of the total instances the risk of further complications is always high that require the assistance and care intervention from the community nurses (Demicheli et al., 2018). And hence the burden of caring for the influenza patients and their further complication often outweighs the personal protection measures like hand-washing and infection control. Hence, the requirement of regular and effective immunization with respect to the age group to which the nursing professional belongs to is extremely important (Mannino et al., 2012). Many research studies have illustrated that annual vaccination has been recommended widely for both the health care staff and the target patient population. Many government and nongovernment health authorities have advocated the need for mandatory annual vaccination for the health care staff. Although there has been a significant decline in the compliance percentage of the staff to flu vaccination. According to Behrman and Offley (2013), a few most contributing factors identified to the noncompliance include underestimation of influenza morbidity, fear of vaccination causing illness and thinking clean living would prevent transmission. However authors have also illustrated that mandatory vaccination policies have contributed to improving the immunization status of the health care staff, however lack of provable benefits, mistaken beliefs and ethical violations continue to be challenges to successful immunization of the staff. On the contrary, the authors have also discussed that comp ulsory vaccination is based an exaggerated threat, there is little scientific evidence that health care staff are the important transmission for influenza to patients. Hence, the compulsion of health care staff for vaccination violates the basic right of informed consent (Behrman Offley, 2013). However, in the community care facility, the patients are often aged and dealing with critical illness with a reduced immunity and hence are vulnerable to health care associated infections. If the nursing professionals providing care to them are not immunized themselves, the risk of infection is heightened multiple times. Hence, the need for mandatory flu shots for community nurses is not limited to their personal protection; it extends to providing some extent of protection to the patients receiving care from them as well (Demicheli et al., 2018). Furthermore, under the NSW Healths revised policy directivePD2018_009, the community care nurses and health professionals are required to take flu vaccinations on 1st June annually as a part of their professional and ethical requirements. Hence, the community care nurses are required to oblige with the vaccination policies in order to ensure ethical professional behaviour, preferably with informed consent (Health.nsw.gov.au., 2018). There has been a significant reluctant attitude observed in the health care professional towards the vaccination, especially the most threatening ones. According to the study, the hesitant attitudes are not just limited to those who do not get the vaccination, but it extends to those who influence others against vaccination as well (Yaqub, Castle-Clarke, Sevdalis Chataway, 2014). And the most important reasons behind the same can be the lack of health literacy in the different individuals and the lack of trust in the institution of vaccination. With proper information dissemination the community care professionals can be encouraged to maintain regular vaccination regime. It has to be mentioned that the community care professionals are exposed to high contamination risk to preventable communicable diseases hence the need for diligent and periodic vaccination is paramount (Felicilda-Reynaldo, 2014). As a community nurse, it is a significant part of the nursing roles and responsibilities to educate and inform the target population regarding the benefits of the Flu vaccination. In this case, if I am presented with a situation where an older individual refuses to take the vaccination, I would first and foremost try to calm him or her and will attempt to engage a relaxed therapeutic communication with them. In the following step I would like to understand the reason behind their non-compliance. For the older population belonging to aboriginal communities, the health literacy is low due to social exclusion, lack of education, and discrimination. These ethnic communities have a very different understanding of health and disease prevention; these groups can refuse to immunize themselves. In such situations I would be extremely respectful towards any cultural views that might be hindering the individual to opt for the vaccination and with optimal culturally safe communication practice I would share with him the benefits of Fluzone high dose using flyers and pamphlets. I would also share the evidence charts and records of the success of such vaccinations against communicable outbreaks (McElhaney et al., 2013). In case the patient does not feel confident enough I will even enrol him or her in peer support and influenza education programs to enhance his understanding of influenza prevention. On a concluding note, influenza poses the highest risk of infection borne diseases in the different countries. For the vulnerable population of the older adults (over 65), the risk for reoccurring flu infections are even higher. Influenza is the most impactful burden on the older communities and hence the need for Fluzone high dose administration following the quarantined protocol is extremely necessary for not only the older target group, but the entire community including the health care professionals. As discussed, the immunization procedure not only protects the immunized individuals but also generates an overall protection for the entire community by means of herd immunity. Influenza vaccinations are one of the most impactful preventive measures for influenza, hence, each and every individual will need to follow the immunization routine; including health care professionals. References: (2018).Health.nsw.gov.au.Retrieved25April2018,fromhttps://www.health.nsw.gov.au/immunisation/Documents/influenza-information-sheet.pdf Behrman, A., Offley, W. (2013). Should influenza vaccination be mandatory for healthcare workers?.BMJ,347, f6705. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6705 Blasi, F., Aliberti, S., Mantero, M., Centanni, S. (2012). Compliance with anti-H1N1 vaccine among healthcare workers and general population.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,18, 37-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03941.x Demicheli, V., Jefferson, T., Di Pietrantonj, C., Ferroni, E., Thorning, S., Thomas, R. E., Rivetti, A. (2018). Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly.The Cochrane Library. doi abs/10.1002/14651858.CD004876.pub4 DiazGranados, C. A., Dunning, A. J., Kimmel, M., Kirby, D., Treanor, J., Collins, A., ... Martin, E. (2014). Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults.New England Journal of Medicine,371(7), 635-645. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1315727 Domnich, A., Arata, L., Amicizia, D., Puig-Barber, J., Gasparini, R., Panatto, D. (2017). Effectiveness of MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Vaccine,35(4), 513-520. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.011 Duncan, D. (2016). Stop the spread: prevention and reduction of influenza among older individuals.British journal of community nursing,21(9), 446-450. doi: 10.12968/bjcn.2016.21.9.446 Dunning, A. J., DiazGranados, C. A., Voloshen, T., Hu, B., Landolfi, V. A., Talbot, H. K. (2016). Correlates of protection against influenza in the elderly: results from an influenza vaccine efficacy trial.Clinical and Vaccine Immunology,23(3), 228-235. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00604-15 Felicilda-Reynaldo, R. F. D. (2014). Types of flu vaccines for yearly immunization.Medsurg Nursing,23(4),256.Retrievedfrom:https://search.proquest.com/openview/f1e8bdff2cc87ba62360c008072566ca/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=30764 Frey, S. E., Aplasca-De Los Reyes, M. R., Reynales, H., Bermal, N. N., Nicolay, U., Narasimhan, V., ... Arora, A. K. (2014). Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted with a non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in elderly subjects.Vaccine,32(39), 5027-5034. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.013 Grohskopf, L. A., Olsen, S. J., Sokolow, L. Z., Bresee, J. S., Cox, N. J., Broder, K. R., ... Walter, E. B. (2014). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)--United States, 2014-15 influenza season.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,63(32), 691-697. Retrieved from: https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4584910 Haq, K., McElhaney, J. E. (2014). Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly.Current opinion in immunology,29, 38-42. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008 Haq, K., McElhaney, J. E. (2014). Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly.Current opinion in immunology,29, 38-42. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008 Immunise - 4.7 Influenza. (2018).Immunise.health.gov.au. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10part4~handbook10-4- Influenza. (2018).World Health Organization. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/influenza/en Ju, C. H., Blum, L. K., Kongpachith, S., Lingampalli, N., Mao, R., Brodin, P., ... Robinson, W. H. (2018). Plasmablast antibody repertoires in elderly influenza vaccine responders exhibit restricted diversity but increased breadth of binding across influenza strains.Clinical Immunology. Pp 7-9 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.01.011 Lau, D., Hu, J., Majumdar, S. R., Storie, D. A., Rees, S. E., Johnson, J. A. (2012). Interventions to improve influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Annals of Family Medicine,10(6), 538-546. doi:10.1370/afm.1405 Mannino, S., Villa, M., Apolone, G., Weiss, N. S., Groth, N., Aquino, I., ... Rothman, K. J. (2012). Effectiveness of adjuvanted influenza vaccination in elderly subjects in northern Italy.American journal of epidemiology,176(6), 527-533. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws313 McElhaney, J. E., Beran, J., Devaster, J. M., Esen, M., Launay, O., Leroux-Roels, G., ... Durand, C. (2013). AS03-adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine against seasonal influenza in elderly people: a phase 3 randomised trial.The Lancet infectious diseases,13(6), 485-496. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70046-X Osterholm, M. T., Kelley, N. S., Sommer, A., Belongia, E. A. (2012). Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet infectious diseases,12(1), 36-44. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70295-X Plans-Rubi, P. (2012). The vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity against influenza viruses.Preventive medicine,55(1), 72-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.015 Seasonal Influenza Vaccination 2018 - Immunisation Programs. (2018).Health.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved16April2018,fromhttps://www.health.nsw.gov.au/immunisation/Pages/seasonal_flu_vaccination.aspx Sridhar, S., Brokstad, K. A., Cox, R. J. (2015). Influenza vaccination strategies: comparing inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines.Vaccines,3(2), 373-389. doi:10.3390/vaccines3020373 Van Bellinghen, L. A., Meier, G., Van Vlaenderen, I. (2014). The potential cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccine in elderly people and clinical risk groups in the UK: a lifetime multi-cohort model.PLoS One,9(6), pp 98437. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098437 What you need to know about the new flu vaccines for over-65s. (2018). ABC News. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-19/fluad-fluzone-flu-vaccines-for-over-65s-what-you-need-to-know/9461766 Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N., Chataway, J. (2014). Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review.Social Science Medicine,112, 1-11. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/absas/Downloads/2116447_1056399576_vacciation3.pdf

Nike Companys Management Strategies

Summary of case facts Nike is an athletics feet wear company, which was founded in 1964 by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. The company made immerse profits and in 1966, leading to the opening of its first retail shop in California, with the first shoe sold being Nike IN 1971. The company produces different sport shoes models at different sizes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Company’s Management Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, in the industry, larger few companies like Nike, addidas and Reebok dominate the brands; in fact, these large companies control over 70% of the footwear market. Today, Nike’s products are sold globally and the company is able to employ 500,000 workers in 51 countries. The success of Nike came from taking advantage of global sourcing opportunities to produce lower cost products. However, this motive led to great criticism of the company implying that Nike sources its products in countries whose factories experience the challenges of low wages, poor working conditions, and human rights problems, Such as underpaid workers and child labor, these issues almost tarnished the company’s image. Nevertheless, the company dealt with these challenges immediately and declared that these practices have been halted. Statement of the Problem One of the negative ways that the company affects the environment is through pollution, fossil fuel, raw material consumption, and increasing its water deficit. Another problem that was facing the shoe company is the rumors of child labor in related industries in Pakistan, low wages in Indonesia, health and safety problems in Vietnam, and outsourcing effects on sales. In Thailand, workers were exposed to toxic isocyanates in the footwear industries, which could cause asthma allergies. As per the report, workers with skin and breathing problems as well as those who dealt with dangerous chemicals did not wear protective masks or gloves. With such, it was evident that Nike Company was breaking the human rights policies in these countries. However, drastic measures had to be put in place to avoid severe tarnishing of its image. Alternative solutions Despite the fact of the company’s negative impact on environment, Nike has been praised for its Nike Grind program, which closes the product life cycle. The company has also tried to manufacture a basketball shoe made from manufacturing waste from a shoe-recycling program. Nike also began a program called â€Å"Nike’s Reuse A Shoe†, a program that benefited the environment since it involved collecting all old athletics shoes and then recycling them. Nike could have avoided the problem of low wages in Indonesia by paying the workers living wages that can meet their daily needs. In addition, the company should also provide an environment in which workers are motivated to do their best, which results in benefiting th e company and attracting more customers. Nike should provide a system where its employees are compensated and rewarded depending on their abilities. Moreover, it is ethical to provide a healthy, safe and secure working environment for employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each human being is not only a product of his biological inheritance, but he is also a result of his interactions with the environment. People also come to work with different motives such as to earn, to be employed, to have a better future, and to be treated like human beings. In addition, employees trade their labor for reasonable wages and other benefits. These employees provide knowledge through which organizational objectives are accomplished. Recommendations Providing favorable working conditions by an organization, is of more benefit to the organization since it actually reduces, the rate of lab or turnover, as employees appreciate their jobs, and stay longer. This is a plus to the company, since less turnover means less costs of hiring and recruiting. Another advantage is that, employees’ retention enhances availability of experienced and competent workers, the result of which is rise in productivity and work standards. In addition, motivation is paramount as it allows workers to solve most job-related issues on their own and the do not need follow up, while cases of absenteeism are reduced significantly. Implementation Nike could avoid such critisms involving unfavorable working conditions, child labor, and less pay in the future if it adheres to the labor laws of each country it operates in. This will also act as a shield to its reputation risk, given the fact that a tarnished image affects productivity, as customers lose faith, trust, and confidence in the company. For the Nike Company to obtain maximum productivity, it should try to implement a conducive working environment in all its related industries globally. Nevertheless, Nike is taking measures to implement a grading system for its suppliers, which will be used to improve the working conditions of employees as well as the relationship of the company with its suppliers. The company is also exploring incentive schemes that reward good corporate relationship among its suppliers in order to ensure that there is sustainable interaction between the company and suppliers, with sustainable trade benefits to both. Importantly, the managers responsible for the supplier factory that improves the labor, environmental and health practices standards will be rewarded. Nike has also encouraged auditing of its company by external firms to enhance transparency and accountability. Nike has also been working hand in hand with the different international and non- profit organization aimed at improving working standards for workers in developing countries. Such organizations include the United Global Comp act, which was formed in 2000 by the then united secretary general, Kofi Annan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Company’s Management Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This global compact ensures citizenship among multinational companies. Generally, companies interested in the global compact must ensure standards in human rights, labor rights, and environment sustainability. As a result of audits and inspection in Nike firms, Nike eliminated the use of petroleum–based chemicals in production of shoes and tackled the issue of poor compensation. Conclusion Given that human beings are affected by the environment they interact with, providing favorable working conditions by an organization is of more benefit, as it allows employees to be more productive and satisfied with their job, thus reducing the rate of labor turnover. The impact of this to the organization is reduction in operating costs especially those that could otherwise have been incurred in hiring and recruiting. In the expectancy theory, people will put their greatest effort to work if it will lead to performance that in turn leads to reward. This theory helps the manager to motivate employees; for example, rewarding an employee as an individual will boost his morale and productivity. Employees should also be given proper training since it will lead to a spectacular performance. The employees should also be presented with credible evidence that good performance surely leads to anticipated rewards. Rewards should also be closely associated to those actions that the organisation sees as worth to its objectives. This essay on Nike Company’s Management Strategies was written and submitted by user Kristopher Boone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Example

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Example A Streetcar Named Desire Paper A Streetcar Named Desire Paper Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire The Glass Menagerie Many definitions of tragedy claim that at the end of the play positives have emerged. Is it possible to see anything positive in the ending of A Streetcar Named Desire? Many definitions of a tragedy claim that by the end of the play positives have emerged, Im going to investigate whether this can be said for A Streetcar named Desire. I want to look at the outcome of the play for each of the main characters and see who, if anyone came out on top. A Streetcar Named Desire is considered by many to be a modern tragedy, this genre differs from a Greek or Shakespearian tragedy in that its protagonists are not usually great people from noble backgrounds who suffer an epic downfall that has drastic consequences but ordinary people, in domestic settings whos downfall although tragic for them has no real impact on anyone other than themselves and those close to them. Streetcar centres around three main characters Blanche, an aging southern belle, her sister Stella who has shook off her gentile, southern upbringing and settled into a simple life in run down New Orleans and Stanley Kowalski, Stellas husband, a man of Polish decent that seems to represent the new America. Blanche disrupts the lives of the Kaplowskis by turning up to stay with them claiming shes been given leave from her teaching job in Laurel, where the sisters grew up. We later learn however this is not true, she has been fired from her job for sexual liaisons with a student and has been made a pariah in her home town for her promiscuity. Stanley finds out the truth about Stella and does his best to get rid of her and keep his friend Mitch, who Blanch set her sights on marrying, away from her. The ending of the play, although tragic and moving seems to me somewhat ambivalent, the audience are left to wonder, to some extent what will become of all the characters, this is the area that I am going to analyse. I have always depended on the kindness of strangers (scene 11, 11) possibly the most famous lines of the play, and the last words we hear Blanche utter. She is being lead away by a doctor to a mental institution after suffering a complete mental breakdown culminating from the traumas of her past, her alcoholism and her treatment at the hands of Stanley Kowalski. Blanches final words summarise her own tragic flaw; dependence, on strangers, on men, on alcohol, on anything but herself. The flaw, it could be argued landed her in such a tragic position. From our first introduction to Blanch we can tell she is not someone used to looking after herself, when she arrives at Elysian Fields despite the haughty air she puts on when speaking to Stellas neighbours she has no qualms about letting Eunice and the black neighbour take control of the situation, taking her into the Kowalskis apartment and offering to go and fetch Stella for her, then rudely asking Eunice to leave her alone. We are also immediately introduced to her dependency on alcohol; she takes a quick drink getting rid of the evidence before her sister arrives. Straight away the audience are aware that Blanche is not a woman in control of her situation A Streetcar differs from what many would class as a tragedy in that nobody actually dies in the end, however it could be argued that Blanches future in a mental asylum is as bad as, of even worse than death. If one was to try and put any sort of positive spin on Blanches fate we could say that she is finally free of the real world which she was obviously finding increasingly difficult to cope with. She says to Mitch I dont want realism. Ill tell you what I want. Magic! (9,6-8), maybe now she will be free to live the life she feels she should, if only in her mind. However, before jumping to this rose tinted conclusion we must acknowledge Williams own experience of the mental institutions of his day. His sister Rose, to whom he was very close, was institutionalised after a failed lobotomy, and Williams was said to be totally guilt ridden by this state of affairs. In an obituary to Rose Williams in the Independent Newspaper the author writes: The troubled life of Rose Williams haunts the work of her brother Tennessee. Like a fading Southern Belle, eternally deserted (Hoare, P. (1996). Obituary: Rose Williams. Available: independent. co. uk/news/people/obituary-rose-williams-1362925. html. Last accessed 27th Feb 2011. ) So it is probably fair to assume that Institutions did not hold positive connotations for Williams so it may be unlikely that this is the impression he intended his audience to get. What of the other characters, Stanley and Stella. It appears now with Blanche out of the way, life can go back to normal for them both. However as we know, Williams deals very much in realism and it would be naive to assume that the events of the last few months will not have impact on their relationship. From the beginning Stella appears to have accepted her lot when it comes to Stanley, she knows he isnt perfect but their passion makes it worthwhile in her view; there are things that happen between a man and a woman in the dark-that sort of make everything else seem-unimportant. (4, 29-2) and she has embraced her new life, even claiming to be thrilled (4,21) by some of Stanleys violent outbursts. It is clear though that Stella isnt stupid, Williams has given Stella an air of maturity and quiet composure that is in great contrast to Blanches manner. I find it hard to believe that she could completely dismiss Blanches claim that Stanley raped her as just her desperate last attempt to get Stanley out of the picture. I feel that on some level she believes her sister, in scene 11 she says to Eunice; I dont know if I did the right thing (11,12) And; I couldnt believe her story and go on living with Stanley (11,15) Eunice replies; Dont ever believe it. Life has to go on. No matter what happens, youve got to keep on going (11,17-18) It is pointedly never said that she is doing the right thing, only that she is doing what she has to do. Stella sobs with inhuman abandon as blanch is being led away, betraying her real feelings even more than the text, she is devastated to see her sister in this situation and no doubt feels hugely guilty for allowing it. In my opinion Stella made the decision to side with Stanley out of what she thought was necessity, she couldnt bare the thought of losing the security that Stanley offers, especially now they have a child to think about so she has turned her back to the horrible truth, just as she turned her back on her old life in the plantation when things started to go wrong, she wasnt there for her sister then and she wont stand by her now. For me though it begs the question how long will Stella be able to continue the fai ade. The animal passion she enjoys so much with Stanley is unlikely to sustain her forever and is no substitute for a trusting healthy relationship. I feel eventually the cracks will begin to show, Stellas guilt over Blanch will grow and she will increasing resent Stanley. He may be able to pacify her for now with a sexual advance; He kneels beside her and his fingers find the opening of her blouse (11,4-5) but I think in the long run she is trapped it what is ultimately a doomed relationship. This brings us to Stanley, it appears that he is the only one who got something positive from blanch being institutionalised. He can once again go back to his old life, with his doting wife and now a newborn child to further cement his position as head of the household. However by raping Blanch he has betrayed his true character, before although it is unlikely anyone could feel any sympathy for him it did seem that Stanley really did love his wife, even showing odd moments of tenderness. Now however we see how cruel he can be and how insatiable his lust really is. He even implies that the rape was not a heat of the moment decision saying weve had this date with each other from the beginning (10,25-26). He shows no remorse for his actions and if he has no qualms having sex with his sister in law while his wife is in hospital having their child, it does not say much for his general fidelity. Before the rape Stanley could be considered if not a likeably character at least a complex one. The audience could appreciate that he didnt have the genteel upbringing of Stella and Blanche but he was a hard worked trying to provide for his family. We could even sympathise that his already cramped home had been more of less taken over by his sister in law, allowing him and his wife virtually no privacy, Id even go so far as to say there would be very few men who would not be frustrated by that situation. But the rape shows him to be a true, unquestionable villain. So, although things seem to be going pretty well for him at the moment, Id say his future looks pretty bleak, a wife that may be harbouring deep resentments, uncontrollable sexual urges, that although havent got him into trouble yet are likely to in the future and a violent streak that will surely loose its thrill for Stella. I find this view on Stella and Stanleys future particularly interesting; We may be permitted to wonder whether the semi-comic characters of Eunice and Steve were introduced to foreshadow the Kowalskis in years to come- Stella slovenly, fat and blowzy after too many pregnancies, and Stanley no longer the gaudy seed barer but a corpulent, wheezing patron of the local prostitutes. (Sambrook,H (2010). York notes Advanced,A Streetcar Named Desire. 9th ed. London: York Press. 58. ) Obviously all the above ideas are merely that, ideas, these are characters in a play, which have no future once the curtains come down. But what a testament to Williams writing, and the realism of his characters, that we have became so emotionally attached to the characters that we crave an answer to what will become of them. This brings me to my final question, what prompted Williams to end his play in such a melancholy, unhopeful way? In an interview with Tennessee Williams by Robert Berkvist in 1974 Williams said of his plays; They reflect somehow the particular psychological turmoil I was going through when I wrote them (Berkvist, R. (1975). An Interview With Tennessee Williams. Available: nytimes. com/books/00/12/31/specials/williams-interview75. html. Last accessed 27th Feb 2011. ) We know Williams had his fair share of troubles, he suffered with depression, was tormented over his homosexuality, lived with the guilt of his sister being institutionalised. His plays have been thought to mirror aspects of his life. Sparknotes on A Streetcar Named Desire agree that many of his female characters contain elements of his mother and sister and his male characters were based on his brutish father and childhood bullies (SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on A Streetcar Named Desire. SparkNotes LLC. 2003. sparknotes. com/lit/streetcar/ (accessed February 24, 2011). ) It seems to me that Streetcar in particular does support this theory, as does The Glass Menagerie. Maybe Streetcars ending was simply Williams alluding to the fact that in real life, there is not always a happy ending, we dont always come away having learned something of even with a brighter outlook for the future, so why should the characters in his play. To conclude, I cant say that any positives have emerged from the ending of Streetcar, but I do not believe that this detracts in any way from the play being one of the great modern tragedies. Williams talent for creating believable characters his audience form attachments too is illustrated in the compulsion we feel to cultivate our own conclusions, and fill in the blanks that he didnt. This only added to my enjoyment of reading the play and I can only assume, from the plethora of different interpretations of the text I read on the internet when researching for this piece, that I am not the only person to feel this way.

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Human resource management - Essay Example The global business environment is now making this change more certain as the environment is becoming more volatile; the need for operational excellence because of variety of forces including technology, economy, society, regulatory forces, competition, individually and collectively. The changes in the business environment has become too constant that it has become imperative for the going concern nature of the organization to adopt the change in all the ways possible – but this changes is easier said than done. Since it involves affecting all dimensions of the organization including the most important recourse i.e. the stakeholders. This change brings in different meanings for and different reactions from these stakeholders – the human resource of the company. The implementation of new information systems revamps the entire operating environment of the organization; therefore, there is a need for organizational development, managing resistance throughout the company, managing the fear that prevails in people because of changing technology, building and reinforcing trust amongst all members and participants, and managing the stress – mental and physical (Suzzana & David, 2008). Organizational Development – the process of implementing the new system, does not involve an abrupt or an overnight replacement of the system; careful and full-fledged planning with effective communication with stakeholders is needed for the proper and effective implementation of the system. The rapid change adaptation is very much a function of the extent to which the employees are involved in the selection and implementation of the new system. This acceptance of change is also affected by the cultural factors, some cultures are risk takers and are more inclined towards easy adoption of change; others are risk averse and thus prone to follow the status quo to avoid any potential mishap. Tackling Resistance throughout the organization – As