Philosophy of the Mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reasoning of the Mind - Essay Example For instance there is a motivation behind why I go to class and this is a direct result of a profession later on. The way that a college alum would have a superior chance to have a profession is the target reason that is a generally accepted fact in its most fitting sense. The emotional is the more specialist relative explanation wherein the motivation behind why I need to complete school is to have a more significant compensation later on profession I would like to have the option to get hold, or, it could just be for reason of things to come vocation. This is relative and might be distinctive as per every individual except the more general condition of an advanced education as comparable to a vocation is the more all inclusive target reason. For the situation I will complete school and accomplish a profession is just coincidental to the target. Had some other individual completed school, the rule would even now apply. Nagel recommends that individuals perform activities as per what impacts they would bring. The correct conditions propel individuals to be moved by such reasons. This features the result as a definitive explanation in the presentation of activities.

Terrorism - Where is the Glory of War? :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Where is the Glory of War? Â I can't discover the greatness in the war against psychological warfare. I recollect when I got the paper a year ago and saw America Strikes Back! bursted proudly across it in letters 10 inches tall- - my heart sank. We've addressed one psychological militant act with another, coming down death on the most war-scarred, panicked people that at any point crawled to an entryway and watched out. The little plastic boxes of food we additionally dropped are a crime. It is accounted for that these are immaculate, obviously - Afghanis have spent their lives learning fear of anything heaved at them from the sky. In the mean time, the real food help on which such a significant number of depended for endurance has been ended by the war. We've murdered whoever was excessively poor or injured to escape, in addition to four compassionate guide laborers who facilitated the expulsion of land mines from the ambushed Afghan soil. That office is presently rubble, as is my heart. Â I will need to continue arguing against this frenzy. I'll get admonished for it, I know. I've just been called each name in the Rush Limbaugh handbook: swindler, delinquent, guileless, liberal, peacenik, complainer. I'm told I am hazardous in light of the fact that I may hinder this sacred venture we've embraced to continue dropping substantial items from the sky until we've cleared out each and every individual who might abhor us. A few people are appealing to God for my undying soul, and some have offered to get me a single direction ticket out of the nation, to anyplace. I acknowledge these endowments with an appreciation equivalent in measure to the soul of liberality in which they were advertised. Individuals compromise ambiguously, She wouldn't feel along these lines if her kid had passed on in the war! (I feel thusly decisively on the grounds that I can envision that repulsiveness.) More unpretentious enemies basically state I am r I battle that, I battle it as though I'm suff ocating. At the point when I get to feeling I am a multitude of one standing apart on the plain waving my ludicrous little banner of expectation, I call up a companion or two. We remind ourselves in plain English that the last time we got the chance to choose someone, most of us, by a straight well known vote tally, didn't request the person who is presently revealing to us we will win this war and not be misunderestimated. We aren't standing separated from the group, we are the group.

Proven SEO Benefits Small Businesses Can Actually Reap

Proven SEO Benefits Small Businesses Can Actually Reap Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Proven SEO Benefits Small Businesses Can Actually ReapUpdated On 18/11/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : SEOShort URL : https://hbb.me/2j5p0Wm CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIn today’s digital age, one of the most cost-effective ways for small business to attract growth and prospects is search engine optimization (SEO). You probably might have heard about it and wondered why it’s so powerful, right?Well, this copy is going to show you some of the proven benefits that many businesses have realized through implementing SEO strategies. Read on to learn more.1. Supplements Other Forms of MarketingWhen it comes to pulling in prospects, SEO can really get the job done. But the marketing truth is that it can’t allow you to hit your optimal potential alone. For maximum results, it works effectively in a marketing mix, meaning you need to use SEO alongside other marketi ngs methods.As a marketer, your task is to develop a marketing mix where SEO fits seamlessly and effectively. This way, you can leverage tried and tested strategies that can yield the results you want. SEO allows you to target specific keywords and allow your potential customers to find you.All you need to do is invest in identifying the right keywords that your audience is using to find products and services online. With those keywords, you can proceed to optimize your pages, landing pages, PPC ads, website, and content.2. It’s Cost EffectiveAs long as you have a business website, launching your SEO campaigns do not need to burden your budget. Even though the pricing is variable, and this is due to the competitiveness of certain keywords. If your business is in a competitive niche, then you can expect to spend more than other businesses.But generally, the overall cost shouldn’t drain your budget. The good thing about SEO is that it’s not much of a gamble. You can actually tar get the specific people that are searching your products and services. This allows you to spend money on things that will bring in quantifiable results. So, you can actually drop those cold-calling strategies that consume thousands of dollars with minimal results.3. Measurable ROIAs noted before, SEO allows you to spend your money on things that generate results and leads. Whether you’re ecommerce or just a typical business, you can enjoy trackable results for your campaigns. Working with a company that specializes in SEO allows you to track all the essential aspects, such as traffic, rankings, and conversions.READSEO Clients: Which Do You Have?Typically, your return on investment will depend on the goal or the purpose of your campaigns. Tools, such as Google Analytics, allows you to compare your traffic or rankings before and after the campaigns. Plus, you can continue reviewing your results month after month to see your progress.When you launch your campaigns, pick the key metri cs you want to track depending on the specific action you want your prospects to complete. This can be to complete a contact us form, sign up for trial or make an online purchase.4. Boosts Traffic and Site VisibilityIncreasing site traffic is one the reasons why many companies launch SEO campaigns. To improve your traffic, you need to improve your SERP rankings. This is important especially when most of your pages are ranking on page two or three of SERPs. In this case, you’re actually leaving money on the table.With search engine optimization, you can start seeing constant traffic streaming in just a few months. For low competitive keywords, your rankings and traffic can grow in less than three months. SEO focuses on optimizing your titles, meta descriptions, images, and content to improve the chances of getting ranked higher on search for a particular targeted keyword.These are some of the actual benefits that small businesses can reap from leveraging SEO. Millions of customers and clients are using search engines to find products and services online. With the right SEO strategy, it becomes easier to pat into these numbers and attract the right leads. In most cases, you’ll need to work with an experienced and professional agency that understands your niche to ensure steady growth and consistent results.

World War II Allied Leaders at the Tehran Conference

The Tehran Conference was the first of two meetings of the Big Three Allied leaders—Premier Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt, and Great Britains Prime Minister Winston Churchill—held at the request of the U.S. President at the height of World War II. Planning As World War II raged around the globe, Roosevelt  began calling for a meeting of the leaders from the key Allied powers. While  Churchill  was willing to meet, Stalin  played coy. Desperate to make a conference happen, Roosevelt conceded several points to Stalin, including choosing a location that was convenient to the Soviet leader. Agreeing to meet in Tehran, Iran on Nov. 28, 1943, the three leaders planned to discuss D-Day, the war strategy, and how best to defeat Japan. Preliminaries Wishing to present a unified front, Churchill first met Roosevelt in Cairo, Egypt, on Nov. 22. While there, the two leaders discussed war plans for the Far East  with Chiang Kai-shek, at the time the Chinese director of the State Council, the equivalent to President of his country. While in Cairo, Churchill found he was unable to engage Roosevelt regarding the upcoming meeting in Tehran, and the American president remained withdrawn and distant. Arriving in Tehran on Nov. 28, Roosevelt intended to deal with Stalin personally, though his declining health prevented him from operating from a position of strength. The Big Three Meet The first of only two wartime meetings between the three leaders, the Tehran Conference opened with Stalin brimming with confidence after several major victories on the Eastern Front. Opening the meeting, Roosevelt and Churchill sought to ensure Soviet cooperation in achieving the Allies war policies. Stalin was willing to comply: However, in exchange, he demanded Allied support for his government and the partisans in Yugoslavia, as well as border adjustments in Poland. Agreeing to Stalins demands, the meeting moved on to the planning of Operation Overlord (D-Day) and the opening of the second front in Western Europe. Though Churchill advocated for an expanded Allied push through the Mediterranean, Roosevelt, who was not interested in protecting British imperial interests, insisted that the invasion take place in France. With the location settled, it was decided that the attack would come in May 1944. As Stalin had been advocating for a second front since 1941, he was very pleased and felt that he had accomplished his principal goal for the meeting. Moving on, Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated. As the conference began to wind down, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the end of the war and reaffirmed their demand that only unconditional surrender would be accepted from the Axis Powers and that the defeated nations would be divided into occupation zones under U.S., British, and Soviet control. Other minor issues were dealt with before the conferences conclusion on Dec.  1,  1943, including the three agreeing to respect the government of Iran and to support Turkey if it was attacked by Axis troops. Aftermath Departing Tehran, the three leaders returned to their countries to enact the newly decided war policies. As would happen at Yalta in 1945, Stalin was able to use Roosevelts weak health and Britains declining power to dominate the conference and achieve all of his goals. Among the concessions he gained from Roosevelt and Churchill was a shifting of the Polish border to the Oder and Neisse Rivers and the Curzon line. He also gained de facto permission to oversee the establishment of new governments as countries in Eastern Europe were liberated. Many of the concessions made to Stalin at Tehran helped set the stage for the Cold War once World War II ended. Selected Sources The Tehran Conference, November 28-December 1, 1943. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Development. Lillian Goldman Law Library 2008. Web. May 30, 2018.​1943: Allies United after Tehran Conference. BBC: On This Day. BBC 2008. Web. May 30, 2018.The Tehran Conference, 1943. Milestones: 1937-1945. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Web. May 30, 2018.

Ir The Islamic Republic Of Iran - 1413 Words

First, I would like to give an overall background of the country Iran. Iran is officially known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, the name change was due to its revolution from 1978 to 1979 when the ruling monarchy was overthrown by Shitte Mulims. Iran was also known as Persia until 1935 until Nazi Germany influenced the Iranian government to change its name to Iran. Following the revolution, Iran adopted its current theocratic government and first Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who was chosen by a 86-member body of clerics know as the Assembly of Experts who are responsible for carefully selecting and monitoring the Supreme Leader. Ruhollah Khomeini was succeeded by current Supreme Leader, Ali Hosseini Khamenei. The relationship between the United States and Iran became tense when a group of Iranians held hostage U.S. personnel in Tehran’s U.S. Embassy, the country’s capital, for over a year between 1979 and 1981. Iran would fight Iraq between 1980 and 198 8 in what became known as the Iran-Iraq war. This war would expand out to the Persian Gulf where the U.S.’s and Iran’s military would battle each other in what turned into The Gulf War which took place from 1990 to 1991. Under U.S. eyes, Iran has become a supporter of terrorism due to its involvement with it and because of its current nuclear program. Iran recently replaced its president due to Ahmadi-Nejad’s winning streak for the presidential election. The current president is Dr. Hasan Fereidun Ruhani whoShow MoreRelatedIr The Islamic Republic Of Iran1776 Words   |  8 PagesIran has seen drastic changes since the year 1979 after the Iranian Revolution. Primarily due to the original infrastructure being overthrown by extremist Shia Muslim rebels. Iran was once a western-influenced country, but over the past 35 years, it has transitioned into a theocratic government and unfavorably viewed country as of recently. This assessment will outline a brief country background for better understanding and will be discussing current events, threats to and from Iran. It will alsoRead MoreCountry Of Iurasia1507 Words   |  7 PagesIran (Persian: Ø §Ã›Å'Ø ±Ã˜ §Ã™â€  IrÄ n [Ê”iË Ã‹Ë†Ã‰ ¾Ã‰â€™Ã‹ n] (About this sound listen)), also known as Persia[10] (/ˈpÉÅ"Ë rÊ’É™/),[11] officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: Ø ¬Ã™â€¦Ã™â€¡Ã™Ë†Ã˜ ±Ã›Å' Ø §Ã˜ ³Ã™â€žÃ˜ §Ã™â€¦Ã›Å' Ø §Ã›Å'Ø ±Ã˜ §Ã™â€  Jomhuri-ye EslÄ mi-ye IrÄ n (About this sound listen)),[12] is a sovereign state in Western Asia.[13][14] With about 81 million inhabitants,[6] Iran is the worlds 18th-most-populous country.[15] Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largestRead MoreTotalitarianism and Literary Reference Online.1405 Words   |  6 Pagescountry where it is illegal to watch movies, listen to music, or even play cards. To this day, there are still billions of people who live in these types of totalitarian countries. This movie focuses on one of these countries in particular, Iran, an Islamic-fascist state home to 75 million people, and the plight of a young woman named Marjane Satrapi who tries to escape this political oppression. In this movie, Marjane tries to reconcile her national identity with her desire to live in a free societyRead MoreMy Current Address : High Bridge Nj 08829 And The Voting District Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Care, Taxation and IRS Oversight. Foreign Relations Mr. Menendez Office in DC was contacted on 9/23/2015 to request a current bill that is a priority for the Senator. The gentleman that answered the phone stated that the Iran Deal is a top priority and he is against it. I am against the Iran deal for many reasons that I simply cannot cover in the page limits of this paper. The key reasons that I am against this deal is I do not trust Iran with the supreme leader of Iran with statements such â€Å"thereRead MoreThe Persian Puzzle, And The Labyrinth Of U.s. -iranian Relations3538 Words   |  15 Pagesobservers of contemporary international relations, Iran and its behavior in the international arena appear somewhat perplexing. Kenneth Pollack has described the â€Å"Persian Puzzle,† and the â€Å"labyrinth of U.S.-Iranian relations;† Stephen Walt has described Iran as a â€Å"riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma;† and Ray Takeyh, a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Re lations has testified that â€Å"the Islamic Republic of Iran remains one the most poorly understood regimesRead MoreBenefits Of Same Sex Marriage1687 Words   |  7 Pageslike living a lie. As mentioned â€Å"Gay men and lesbians have always adopted despite their sexual orientation may not always have been open† (Adoption and Same-Sex Couples, Find Law). To illustrate, on the negative side, I know in many countries like Iran the gay people never can have this chance to adopting a child. At the same time, the first world is changing the rules and makes a better situation for the gay community. Throughout the years, more and more gay men and lesbian women have risen fromRead MoreA Project Report on â€Å"Swot Analysis of Indian Foreign Exchange Markets6895 Words   |  28 PagesInternational Finance Page 6 Increase in Instruments in the Foreign Exchange Market †¢ The rupee-foreign currency swap market was allowed. †¢ Additional hedging instruments such as foreign currency-rupee options, cross-currency options, interest rate swaps (IRS) and currency swaps, caps/ collars and forward rate agreements (FRAs) were introduced. Liberalization Measures †¢ Authorized dealers were permitted to initiate trading positions, borrow and invest in overseas market, subject to certain specificationsRead MoreDubais Political and Economic Development: Essay38738 Words   |  155 Pagesof the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Political Science WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts MAY 10,2005 Table of Contents I Persian Gulf Development Literature Oil Curse Literature Arab and Islamic Factors Regional Ovemiew and Historical Background Dubais Development History I1 PI1 Explaining Dubai9sDevelopment Outcome Why Not Other Gulf States? Dubai versus the Development Literature IV Dubai in a Cornparatbe Corntext SaudiRead MoreConflicts of Law Course Outline5044 Words   |  21 Pages b) Domicile: Re Liddell`s ST (1936) Ch. 365. (Ord 11, rule 4) c) Injunction: Rosler v Hilbery (1925) Ch. 250: The Siskina (1979) A.C. 210(CJ and J Act 1982 s.25 ). X v Y and Y Republic of Haiti v Duvalier (1990) Q.B. 202. d) Necessary or proper party: Chancy v Murphy (1948) W.N. 130 Witted v Galbraith (1949) A.C. 326; The Brabo (1949) A.C. 326 Multinational Gas v M.GRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pageswithout having to suffer the ensuing backlash from the discord he has sowed †¢ Identity protected by veil of anonymity †¢ E.g. â€Å"Everyone Draw Muhammad Day† NO: Brought us beyond our self-absorbed perspectives †¢ Interconnected †¢ E.g. Iran elections †¢ Allowing the circumvention of restrictions placed on traditional media †¢ Allow a plethora of new and alternative perspectives to come through †¢ Opening our eyes to the larger world beyond what we experience in our everyday lives

Analysis Of The Sphinx And Of Mice And Men

The Sphinx’s Judgement As the Sphinx riddled to Oedipus in Sophocles’s epic ,Oedipus Rex , â€Å"A thing there is whose voice is one ; Whose Feet are four and two and three . So Mutable a thing is none. That moves in Earth or sky or sea. When on most feet this thing doth go, its strength is weakest and its pace slow† In response, Oedipus answered to the Sphinx , â€Å"Man, who crawls on fours as a baby, then walks with two feet as an adult and then uses a walking stick in old age† leading to the Sphinx destroying itself and Oedipus to later take the throne in the city the Sphinx was guarding. In many ways, the Sphinx is analogous to the American Dream where many people are devoured by it while a small quantity ever â€Å"solve the riddle† and achieve their American Dream. In the 1937 novelette, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck incorporates the American Dream in the setting of the Great Depression in Tyler’s Ranch , California . During the Great Depression, many workers w ent into an exodus from the South and Midwest to California in light of the Dust Bowl . George Milton and his colleague, Lennie Smalls, perpetually endeavor to find stable employment. At Tyler’s Ranch, George and Lennie assume the occupation as barley pickers. Over George and Lennie’s duration of time at Tyler’s Ranch, they meet Candy , a Swamper, who has lost his right hand during work one day collapsing his American Dream. Through John Steinbeck’s harsh reality, Steinbeck presents the characters the adult George Milton

Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination. Answer: Introduction: Influenza can be defined as one of the most highly reported infectious diseases of Australia and other developed as well as developing nations; for Australia, this year the nation has seen the highest activity level since the pandemic year of 2009. One of the greatest concerns for the recent flu outbreaks is the common antibiotic resistant strains that do not respond to common antibiotics and become very difficult to control once the disease spreads. Hence, the most effective prevention option that the health care industry has is the variety of different vaccines available. This assignment will discuss the burden of influenza, the causes and risk factors, and vaccine requirements for the most vulnerable age groups (over 65 years of age) along with a brief description of the disease, types of vaccines, type of vaccine suitable for the target vulnerable population (over 65), rationale for the choice of the type of vaccine, contraindication, herd immunity, management of negative respons e in patients and the critical review of the need for community nurses to have vaccinations in Influenza prevention. Influenza can be defined as one of the most contagious viral infections. This disease affects the upper respiratory apparatus. Influenza outbreak is a very common phenomenon and it still occurs every three to five years resulting in death of a least 5 to 10 % of the total population of Australia (Duncan, 2016). There are different types of influenza pathogen strains and each strain varies with respect to virulence. The mode of transmission in Influenza is by the droplet transfer between individuals. This pathogen is generally inhaled; it attacks the respiratory tract of the host and gives rise to the typical symptoms. These typical symptoms include fever, chilling tremors, fatigue and hacking coughs, and in certain cases even acute body pain (Duncan, 2016). Although, 20% of the Influenza risk is at the children, although for the age group of the older adults aged over 65 years also are at around 10 % of total risk for influenza (Domnich et al., 2017). Since the older adults (aged ove r 65) are considered a vulnerable population (a population which is extremely at risk to acquiring the disease), it is strongly recommended that they receive targeted flu vaccines. There are different types of influenza vaccines, of which the live attenuated influenza vaccine is administered intranasally and sold under the trade name of FluMist and Fluenz. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are administered at the intramuscular junction. Subconjugate vaccines are also used for influenza, in the form of injections (Sridhar, Brokstad Cox, 2015). The vulnerable population under focus for this assignment will be on the older adults (over 65). Adults over the 65 years of age have compromised immune system and hence they have lesser immunity towards diseases like influenza, hence they are considered the vulnerable population. As per Demicheli et al. (2018), the risk of flu and flu related complications like the influenza is at least 2 to 3 times higher than the rest of the patient populations, in the older adults (over 65). In this age group, the influenza increases the risk for heart attacks by 3-5 times and stroke or TIA by 2-3 times, just within 2 weeks of infection. As a result, more targeted preventative measures designed with the particular needs of the older patient population in mind, such as Flu shots designed specifically targeting the compromised immunity of this population. The influenza vaccine for the older adults are generally high dose vaccines and contains at least 4 times more concentrated antigens than the ant igen concentration of the standard vaccine doses. It has to be mentioned that for the older adults, the adjuvanted flu vaccines can also be taken (DiazGranados et al., 2014). For the children aged 6-35 months, FluQuadri junior is recommended while the children older than 36 months receive Fluarix Tetra or Fluquadri (Health.nsw.gov.au., 2018). For the age group of 18 to 64 years of age, the standard flu vaccine that is recommended is Afluria Quad. However, for the age group of 65 and above, the most suitable flu vaccine recommended is the Fluzone high dose (or Fluad) vaccine, and it is usually given on an annual basis. It is given from September until mid November given the fact that the flu season runs from October to May in Australian demographics (Grohskopf et al., 2016). Fluzone high dose or Fluad are the booster vaccines that are formulated specifically for the older adults over the age of 65 years. These vaccines contain 4 times dose of influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B-Yamagata strains. Older adults require higher antibody strength in order to attain immunity against the Flu outbreaks than the other age groups (Grohskopf et al., 2014). This is because older adults that are 65 or above have been reported to produce 50-75 % lesser antibodies than the younger adults leading to ineffective protection. 60% of the seniors that had been vaccinated with Fluzone vaccine had represented higher resistance to the Flu outbreak. According to the research, there is 25% reduction in the incidence of the regular Flu in the older adults that received Fluzone high dose or Fluad booster dose annually when compared to standard vaccine (Duncan, 2016). Hence, based on the above stated evidence, Fluzone high dose or Fluad is the most effective flu vaccination for the olde r adults belonging to the age group of 65 and above (Health.nsw.gov.au., 2018). The annual booster dose requirements for Fluad are 0.5 mL pre-filled syringe containing 15 g haemagglutinin of each of the three recommended influenza virus strains, adjuvanted with MF59C.1 (including 9.75 mg squalene and 1.175 mg polysorbate 80). He annual booster dose for Fluzone are 0.5 mL pre-filled syringe including 60 g haemagglutinin of each of the three recommended influenza virus strains; 1 g ovalbumin; 100 g formaldehyde; 250 g octoxinol 9 (Immunise.health.gov.au., 2018). The side effects of the Flu vaccine are not many, however, for the high dose variant, the impact of the side effects are enhanced. For instance the side effects of the regular or the standard such as the fever and inflammation of the injection site is more persistent and aggravated in case of the high dosage version of the Fluzone. These side effects generally persist for a week or more for the Fluzone high dose shots in the adults over 65 (Haq McElhaney, 2014). The dosage and administration needs to be accurate in case of the older age groups for their reduced immune strength and enhanced vulnerability. Fluzone high dose should always be administered as a single intramuscular dose and it should be given in the deltoid muscles of the patient. And the most preferable concentration of the dosage is generally 0.5 mL/Intramuscular for one dose in the age group of 65 and above (Demicheli et al., 2018). However, the most important contraindication for Fluzoen high dose is the aggravating hypersensitive reaction to egg proteins. Patients with a history of recent Guillain-Barr syndrome, this Flu shot cannot be provided. Along with that for the patients that are being given immunosuppressive therapy cannot be given Fluzone high dose either (Lau et al., 2012). Herd immunity can be defined as the herd effect on the community immunity. It is the kind of indirect protection given against the different communicable outbreaks. It is facilitated when a large portion of the entire community has attained immunity to a particular infection and in turn provides a small and indirect measure of protection for the individuals that have not taken the immunization. The main principle behind this concept is the fact that in a population where the majority is immune against a particular communicable outbreak, the chain of infection is more likely to be disrupted easily (Plans-Rubi, 2012). Herd immunity also acts like a significant evolutionary pressure on particular viruses forcing the disruption of the progression chain. Attaining immunity can also be difficult for some people due to genetic disorders or immuno-compromised patients. In such cases herd immunity also acts like a significant barrier for them as well providing them with some form of protectio n. The vaccines need to be effective as the goal for vaccinating people is to achieve herd immunity. When a community is actively and effectively vaccinated against the disease, it provides the unvaccinated or immuno-compromised individual with a safety net. Therefore, taking the timely age adjusted flu-shots is not just a measure for personal protection but also is a collective community protection measure (Haq McElhaney, 2014). As a community nurse, the risk of exposure to influenza virus is extremely high, it has to be mentioned that the 90% of the total deaths due to influenza is attributed to the age group of 65 and above (Yaqub, Castle-Clarke, Sevdalis Chataway, 2014). And close to 70% of the older adults get influenza infections in a yearly basis and along with that for more than 50% of the total instances the risk of further complications is always high that require the assistance and care intervention from the community nurses (Demicheli et al., 2018). And hence the burden of caring for the influenza patients and their further complication often outweighs the personal protection measures like hand-washing and infection control. Hence, the requirement of regular and effective immunization with respect to the age group to which the nursing professional belongs to is extremely important (Mannino et al., 2012). Many research studies have illustrated that annual vaccination has been recommended widely for both the health care staff and the target patient population. Many government and nongovernment health authorities have advocated the need for mandatory annual vaccination for the health care staff. Although there has been a significant decline in the compliance percentage of the staff to flu vaccination. According to Behrman and Offley (2013), a few most contributing factors identified to the noncompliance include underestimation of influenza morbidity, fear of vaccination causing illness and thinking clean living would prevent transmission. However authors have also illustrated that mandatory vaccination policies have contributed to improving the immunization status of the health care staff, however lack of provable benefits, mistaken beliefs and ethical violations continue to be challenges to successful immunization of the staff. On the contrary, the authors have also discussed that comp ulsory vaccination is based an exaggerated threat, there is little scientific evidence that health care staff are the important transmission for influenza to patients. Hence, the compulsion of health care staff for vaccination violates the basic right of informed consent (Behrman Offley, 2013). However, in the community care facility, the patients are often aged and dealing with critical illness with a reduced immunity and hence are vulnerable to health care associated infections. If the nursing professionals providing care to them are not immunized themselves, the risk of infection is heightened multiple times. Hence, the need for mandatory flu shots for community nurses is not limited to their personal protection; it extends to providing some extent of protection to the patients receiving care from them as well (Demicheli et al., 2018). Furthermore, under the NSW Healths revised policy directivePD2018_009, the community care nurses and health professionals are required to take flu vaccinations on 1st June annually as a part of their professional and ethical requirements. Hence, the community care nurses are required to oblige with the vaccination policies in order to ensure ethical professional behaviour, preferably with informed consent (Health.nsw.gov.au., 2018). There has been a significant reluctant attitude observed in the health care professional towards the vaccination, especially the most threatening ones. According to the study, the hesitant attitudes are not just limited to those who do not get the vaccination, but it extends to those who influence others against vaccination as well (Yaqub, Castle-Clarke, Sevdalis Chataway, 2014). And the most important reasons behind the same can be the lack of health literacy in the different individuals and the lack of trust in the institution of vaccination. With proper information dissemination the community care professionals can be encouraged to maintain regular vaccination regime. It has to be mentioned that the community care professionals are exposed to high contamination risk to preventable communicable diseases hence the need for diligent and periodic vaccination is paramount (Felicilda-Reynaldo, 2014). As a community nurse, it is a significant part of the nursing roles and responsibilities to educate and inform the target population regarding the benefits of the Flu vaccination. In this case, if I am presented with a situation where an older individual refuses to take the vaccination, I would first and foremost try to calm him or her and will attempt to engage a relaxed therapeutic communication with them. In the following step I would like to understand the reason behind their non-compliance. For the older population belonging to aboriginal communities, the health literacy is low due to social exclusion, lack of education, and discrimination. These ethnic communities have a very different understanding of health and disease prevention; these groups can refuse to immunize themselves. In such situations I would be extremely respectful towards any cultural views that might be hindering the individual to opt for the vaccination and with optimal culturally safe communication practice I would share with him the benefits of Fluzone high dose using flyers and pamphlets. I would also share the evidence charts and records of the success of such vaccinations against communicable outbreaks (McElhaney et al., 2013). In case the patient does not feel confident enough I will even enrol him or her in peer support and influenza education programs to enhance his understanding of influenza prevention. On a concluding note, influenza poses the highest risk of infection borne diseases in the different countries. For the vulnerable population of the older adults (over 65), the risk for reoccurring flu infections are even higher. Influenza is the most impactful burden on the older communities and hence the need for Fluzone high dose administration following the quarantined protocol is extremely necessary for not only the older target group, but the entire community including the health care professionals. As discussed, the immunization procedure not only protects the immunized individuals but also generates an overall protection for the entire community by means of herd immunity. Influenza vaccinations are one of the most impactful preventive measures for influenza, hence, each and every individual will need to follow the immunization routine; including health care professionals. References: (2018).Health.nsw.gov.au.Retrieved25April2018,fromhttps://www.health.nsw.gov.au/immunisation/Documents/influenza-information-sheet.pdf Behrman, A., Offley, W. (2013). Should influenza vaccination be mandatory for healthcare workers?.BMJ,347, f6705. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6705 Blasi, F., Aliberti, S., Mantero, M., Centanni, S. (2012). Compliance with anti-H1N1 vaccine among healthcare workers and general population.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,18, 37-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03941.x Demicheli, V., Jefferson, T., Di Pietrantonj, C., Ferroni, E., Thorning, S., Thomas, R. E., Rivetti, A. (2018). Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly.The Cochrane Library. doi abs/10.1002/14651858.CD004876.pub4 DiazGranados, C. A., Dunning, A. J., Kimmel, M., Kirby, D., Treanor, J., Collins, A., ... Martin, E. (2014). Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults.New England Journal of Medicine,371(7), 635-645. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1315727 Domnich, A., Arata, L., Amicizia, D., Puig-Barber, J., Gasparini, R., Panatto, D. (2017). Effectiveness of MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Vaccine,35(4), 513-520. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.011 Duncan, D. (2016). Stop the spread: prevention and reduction of influenza among older individuals.British journal of community nursing,21(9), 446-450. doi: 10.12968/bjcn.2016.21.9.446 Dunning, A. J., DiazGranados, C. A., Voloshen, T., Hu, B., Landolfi, V. A., Talbot, H. K. (2016). Correlates of protection against influenza in the elderly: results from an influenza vaccine efficacy trial.Clinical and Vaccine Immunology,23(3), 228-235. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00604-15 Felicilda-Reynaldo, R. F. D. (2014). Types of flu vaccines for yearly immunization.Medsurg Nursing,23(4),256.Retrievedfrom:https://search.proquest.com/openview/f1e8bdff2cc87ba62360c008072566ca/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=30764 Frey, S. E., Aplasca-De Los Reyes, M. R., Reynales, H., Bermal, N. N., Nicolay, U., Narasimhan, V., ... Arora, A. K. (2014). Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted with a non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in elderly subjects.Vaccine,32(39), 5027-5034. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.013 Grohskopf, L. A., Olsen, S. J., Sokolow, L. Z., Bresee, J. S., Cox, N. J., Broder, K. R., ... Walter, E. B. (2014). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)--United States, 2014-15 influenza season.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,63(32), 691-697. Retrieved from: https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4584910 Haq, K., McElhaney, J. E. (2014). Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly.Current opinion in immunology,29, 38-42. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008 Haq, K., McElhaney, J. E. (2014). Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly.Current opinion in immunology,29, 38-42. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008 Immunise - 4.7 Influenza. (2018).Immunise.health.gov.au. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10part4~handbook10-4- Influenza. (2018).World Health Organization. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/influenza/en Ju, C. H., Blum, L. K., Kongpachith, S., Lingampalli, N., Mao, R., Brodin, P., ... Robinson, W. H. (2018). Plasmablast antibody repertoires in elderly influenza vaccine responders exhibit restricted diversity but increased breadth of binding across influenza strains.Clinical Immunology. Pp 7-9 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.01.011 Lau, D., Hu, J., Majumdar, S. R., Storie, D. A., Rees, S. E., Johnson, J. A. (2012). Interventions to improve influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Annals of Family Medicine,10(6), 538-546. doi:10.1370/afm.1405 Mannino, S., Villa, M., Apolone, G., Weiss, N. S., Groth, N., Aquino, I., ... Rothman, K. J. (2012). Effectiveness of adjuvanted influenza vaccination in elderly subjects in northern Italy.American journal of epidemiology,176(6), 527-533. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws313 McElhaney, J. E., Beran, J., Devaster, J. M., Esen, M., Launay, O., Leroux-Roels, G., ... Durand, C. (2013). AS03-adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine against seasonal influenza in elderly people: a phase 3 randomised trial.The Lancet infectious diseases,13(6), 485-496. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70046-X Osterholm, M. T., Kelley, N. S., Sommer, A., Belongia, E. A. (2012). Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet infectious diseases,12(1), 36-44. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70295-X Plans-Rubi, P. (2012). The vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity against influenza viruses.Preventive medicine,55(1), 72-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.015 Seasonal Influenza Vaccination 2018 - Immunisation Programs. (2018).Health.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved16April2018,fromhttps://www.health.nsw.gov.au/immunisation/Pages/seasonal_flu_vaccination.aspx Sridhar, S., Brokstad, K. A., Cox, R. J. (2015). Influenza vaccination strategies: comparing inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines.Vaccines,3(2), 373-389. doi:10.3390/vaccines3020373 Van Bellinghen, L. A., Meier, G., Van Vlaenderen, I. (2014). The potential cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccine in elderly people and clinical risk groups in the UK: a lifetime multi-cohort model.PLoS One,9(6), pp 98437. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098437 What you need to know about the new flu vaccines for over-65s. (2018). ABC News. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-19/fluad-fluzone-flu-vaccines-for-over-65s-what-you-need-to-know/9461766 Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N., Chataway, J. (2014). Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review.Social Science Medicine,112, 1-11. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/absas/Downloads/2116447_1056399576_vacciation3.pdf

Nike Companys Management Strategies

Summary of case facts Nike is an athletics feet wear company, which was founded in 1964 by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. The company made immerse profits and in 1966, leading to the opening of its first retail shop in California, with the first shoe sold being Nike IN 1971. The company produces different sport shoes models at different sizes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Company’s Management Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, in the industry, larger few companies like Nike, addidas and Reebok dominate the brands; in fact, these large companies control over 70% of the footwear market. Today, Nike’s products are sold globally and the company is able to employ 500,000 workers in 51 countries. The success of Nike came from taking advantage of global sourcing opportunities to produce lower cost products. However, this motive led to great criticism of the company implying that Nike sources its products in countries whose factories experience the challenges of low wages, poor working conditions, and human rights problems, Such as underpaid workers and child labor, these issues almost tarnished the company’s image. Nevertheless, the company dealt with these challenges immediately and declared that these practices have been halted. Statement of the Problem One of the negative ways that the company affects the environment is through pollution, fossil fuel, raw material consumption, and increasing its water deficit. Another problem that was facing the shoe company is the rumors of child labor in related industries in Pakistan, low wages in Indonesia, health and safety problems in Vietnam, and outsourcing effects on sales. In Thailand, workers were exposed to toxic isocyanates in the footwear industries, which could cause asthma allergies. As per the report, workers with skin and breathing problems as well as those who dealt with dangerous chemicals did not wear protective masks or gloves. With such, it was evident that Nike Company was breaking the human rights policies in these countries. However, drastic measures had to be put in place to avoid severe tarnishing of its image. Alternative solutions Despite the fact of the company’s negative impact on environment, Nike has been praised for its Nike Grind program, which closes the product life cycle. The company has also tried to manufacture a basketball shoe made from manufacturing waste from a shoe-recycling program. Nike also began a program called â€Å"Nike’s Reuse A Shoe†, a program that benefited the environment since it involved collecting all old athletics shoes and then recycling them. Nike could have avoided the problem of low wages in Indonesia by paying the workers living wages that can meet their daily needs. In addition, the company should also provide an environment in which workers are motivated to do their best, which results in benefiting th e company and attracting more customers. Nike should provide a system where its employees are compensated and rewarded depending on their abilities. Moreover, it is ethical to provide a healthy, safe and secure working environment for employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each human being is not only a product of his biological inheritance, but he is also a result of his interactions with the environment. People also come to work with different motives such as to earn, to be employed, to have a better future, and to be treated like human beings. In addition, employees trade their labor for reasonable wages and other benefits. These employees provide knowledge through which organizational objectives are accomplished. Recommendations Providing favorable working conditions by an organization, is of more benefit to the organization since it actually reduces, the rate of lab or turnover, as employees appreciate their jobs, and stay longer. This is a plus to the company, since less turnover means less costs of hiring and recruiting. Another advantage is that, employees’ retention enhances availability of experienced and competent workers, the result of which is rise in productivity and work standards. In addition, motivation is paramount as it allows workers to solve most job-related issues on their own and the do not need follow up, while cases of absenteeism are reduced significantly. Implementation Nike could avoid such critisms involving unfavorable working conditions, child labor, and less pay in the future if it adheres to the labor laws of each country it operates in. This will also act as a shield to its reputation risk, given the fact that a tarnished image affects productivity, as customers lose faith, trust, and confidence in the company. For the Nike Company to obtain maximum productivity, it should try to implement a conducive working environment in all its related industries globally. Nevertheless, Nike is taking measures to implement a grading system for its suppliers, which will be used to improve the working conditions of employees as well as the relationship of the company with its suppliers. The company is also exploring incentive schemes that reward good corporate relationship among its suppliers in order to ensure that there is sustainable interaction between the company and suppliers, with sustainable trade benefits to both. Importantly, the managers responsible for the supplier factory that improves the labor, environmental and health practices standards will be rewarded. Nike has also encouraged auditing of its company by external firms to enhance transparency and accountability. Nike has also been working hand in hand with the different international and non- profit organization aimed at improving working standards for workers in developing countries. Such organizations include the United Global Comp act, which was formed in 2000 by the then united secretary general, Kofi Annan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Company’s Management Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This global compact ensures citizenship among multinational companies. Generally, companies interested in the global compact must ensure standards in human rights, labor rights, and environment sustainability. As a result of audits and inspection in Nike firms, Nike eliminated the use of petroleum–based chemicals in production of shoes and tackled the issue of poor compensation. Conclusion Given that human beings are affected by the environment they interact with, providing favorable working conditions by an organization is of more benefit, as it allows employees to be more productive and satisfied with their job, thus reducing the rate of labor turnover. The impact of this to the organization is reduction in operating costs especially those that could otherwise have been incurred in hiring and recruiting. In the expectancy theory, people will put their greatest effort to work if it will lead to performance that in turn leads to reward. This theory helps the manager to motivate employees; for example, rewarding an employee as an individual will boost his morale and productivity. Employees should also be given proper training since it will lead to a spectacular performance. The employees should also be presented with credible evidence that good performance surely leads to anticipated rewards. Rewards should also be closely associated to those actions that the organisation sees as worth to its objectives. This essay on Nike Company’s Management Strategies was written and submitted by user Kristopher Boone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Example

A Streetcar Named Desire Essay Example A Streetcar Named Desire Paper A Streetcar Named Desire Paper Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire The Glass Menagerie Many definitions of tragedy claim that at the end of the play positives have emerged. Is it possible to see anything positive in the ending of A Streetcar Named Desire? Many definitions of a tragedy claim that by the end of the play positives have emerged, Im going to investigate whether this can be said for A Streetcar named Desire. I want to look at the outcome of the play for each of the main characters and see who, if anyone came out on top. A Streetcar Named Desire is considered by many to be a modern tragedy, this genre differs from a Greek or Shakespearian tragedy in that its protagonists are not usually great people from noble backgrounds who suffer an epic downfall that has drastic consequences but ordinary people, in domestic settings whos downfall although tragic for them has no real impact on anyone other than themselves and those close to them. Streetcar centres around three main characters Blanche, an aging southern belle, her sister Stella who has shook off her gentile, southern upbringing and settled into a simple life in run down New Orleans and Stanley Kowalski, Stellas husband, a man of Polish decent that seems to represent the new America. Blanche disrupts the lives of the Kaplowskis by turning up to stay with them claiming shes been given leave from her teaching job in Laurel, where the sisters grew up. We later learn however this is not true, she has been fired from her job for sexual liaisons with a student and has been made a pariah in her home town for her promiscuity. Stanley finds out the truth about Stella and does his best to get rid of her and keep his friend Mitch, who Blanch set her sights on marrying, away from her. The ending of the play, although tragic and moving seems to me somewhat ambivalent, the audience are left to wonder, to some extent what will become of all the characters, this is the area that I am going to analyse. I have always depended on the kindness of strangers (scene 11, 11) possibly the most famous lines of the play, and the last words we hear Blanche utter. She is being lead away by a doctor to a mental institution after suffering a complete mental breakdown culminating from the traumas of her past, her alcoholism and her treatment at the hands of Stanley Kowalski. Blanches final words summarise her own tragic flaw; dependence, on strangers, on men, on alcohol, on anything but herself. The flaw, it could be argued landed her in such a tragic position. From our first introduction to Blanch we can tell she is not someone used to looking after herself, when she arrives at Elysian Fields despite the haughty air she puts on when speaking to Stellas neighbours she has no qualms about letting Eunice and the black neighbour take control of the situation, taking her into the Kowalskis apartment and offering to go and fetch Stella for her, then rudely asking Eunice to leave her alone. We are also immediately introduced to her dependency on alcohol; she takes a quick drink getting rid of the evidence before her sister arrives. Straight away the audience are aware that Blanche is not a woman in control of her situation A Streetcar differs from what many would class as a tragedy in that nobody actually dies in the end, however it could be argued that Blanches future in a mental asylum is as bad as, of even worse than death. If one was to try and put any sort of positive spin on Blanches fate we could say that she is finally free of the real world which she was obviously finding increasingly difficult to cope with. She says to Mitch I dont want realism. Ill tell you what I want. Magic! (9,6-8), maybe now she will be free to live the life she feels she should, if only in her mind. However, before jumping to this rose tinted conclusion we must acknowledge Williams own experience of the mental institutions of his day. His sister Rose, to whom he was very close, was institutionalised after a failed lobotomy, and Williams was said to be totally guilt ridden by this state of affairs. In an obituary to Rose Williams in the Independent Newspaper the author writes: The troubled life of Rose Williams haunts the work of her brother Tennessee. Like a fading Southern Belle, eternally deserted (Hoare, P. (1996). Obituary: Rose Williams. Available: independent. co. uk/news/people/obituary-rose-williams-1362925. html. Last accessed 27th Feb 2011. ) So it is probably fair to assume that Institutions did not hold positive connotations for Williams so it may be unlikely that this is the impression he intended his audience to get. What of the other characters, Stanley and Stella. It appears now with Blanche out of the way, life can go back to normal for them both. However as we know, Williams deals very much in realism and it would be naive to assume that the events of the last few months will not have impact on their relationship. From the beginning Stella appears to have accepted her lot when it comes to Stanley, she knows he isnt perfect but their passion makes it worthwhile in her view; there are things that happen between a man and a woman in the dark-that sort of make everything else seem-unimportant. (4, 29-2) and she has embraced her new life, even claiming to be thrilled (4,21) by some of Stanleys violent outbursts. It is clear though that Stella isnt stupid, Williams has given Stella an air of maturity and quiet composure that is in great contrast to Blanches manner. I find it hard to believe that she could completely dismiss Blanches claim that Stanley raped her as just her desperate last attempt to get Stanley out of the picture. I feel that on some level she believes her sister, in scene 11 she says to Eunice; I dont know if I did the right thing (11,12) And; I couldnt believe her story and go on living with Stanley (11,15) Eunice replies; Dont ever believe it. Life has to go on. No matter what happens, youve got to keep on going (11,17-18) It is pointedly never said that she is doing the right thing, only that she is doing what she has to do. Stella sobs with inhuman abandon as blanch is being led away, betraying her real feelings even more than the text, she is devastated to see her sister in this situation and no doubt feels hugely guilty for allowing it. In my opinion Stella made the decision to side with Stanley out of what she thought was necessity, she couldnt bare the thought of losing the security that Stanley offers, especially now they have a child to think about so she has turned her back to the horrible truth, just as she turned her back on her old life in the plantation when things started to go wrong, she wasnt there for her sister then and she wont stand by her now. For me though it begs the question how long will Stella be able to continue the fai ade. The animal passion she enjoys so much with Stanley is unlikely to sustain her forever and is no substitute for a trusting healthy relationship. I feel eventually the cracks will begin to show, Stellas guilt over Blanch will grow and she will increasing resent Stanley. He may be able to pacify her for now with a sexual advance; He kneels beside her and his fingers find the opening of her blouse (11,4-5) but I think in the long run she is trapped it what is ultimately a doomed relationship. This brings us to Stanley, it appears that he is the only one who got something positive from blanch being institutionalised. He can once again go back to his old life, with his doting wife and now a newborn child to further cement his position as head of the household. However by raping Blanch he has betrayed his true character, before although it is unlikely anyone could feel any sympathy for him it did seem that Stanley really did love his wife, even showing odd moments of tenderness. Now however we see how cruel he can be and how insatiable his lust really is. He even implies that the rape was not a heat of the moment decision saying weve had this date with each other from the beginning (10,25-26). He shows no remorse for his actions and if he has no qualms having sex with his sister in law while his wife is in hospital having their child, it does not say much for his general fidelity. Before the rape Stanley could be considered if not a likeably character at least a complex one. The audience could appreciate that he didnt have the genteel upbringing of Stella and Blanche but he was a hard worked trying to provide for his family. We could even sympathise that his already cramped home had been more of less taken over by his sister in law, allowing him and his wife virtually no privacy, Id even go so far as to say there would be very few men who would not be frustrated by that situation. But the rape shows him to be a true, unquestionable villain. So, although things seem to be going pretty well for him at the moment, Id say his future looks pretty bleak, a wife that may be harbouring deep resentments, uncontrollable sexual urges, that although havent got him into trouble yet are likely to in the future and a violent streak that will surely loose its thrill for Stella. I find this view on Stella and Stanleys future particularly interesting; We may be permitted to wonder whether the semi-comic characters of Eunice and Steve were introduced to foreshadow the Kowalskis in years to come- Stella slovenly, fat and blowzy after too many pregnancies, and Stanley no longer the gaudy seed barer but a corpulent, wheezing patron of the local prostitutes. (Sambrook,H (2010). York notes Advanced,A Streetcar Named Desire. 9th ed. London: York Press. 58. ) Obviously all the above ideas are merely that, ideas, these are characters in a play, which have no future once the curtains come down. But what a testament to Williams writing, and the realism of his characters, that we have became so emotionally attached to the characters that we crave an answer to what will become of them. This brings me to my final question, what prompted Williams to end his play in such a melancholy, unhopeful way? In an interview with Tennessee Williams by Robert Berkvist in 1974 Williams said of his plays; They reflect somehow the particular psychological turmoil I was going through when I wrote them (Berkvist, R. (1975). An Interview With Tennessee Williams. Available: nytimes. com/books/00/12/31/specials/williams-interview75. html. Last accessed 27th Feb 2011. ) We know Williams had his fair share of troubles, he suffered with depression, was tormented over his homosexuality, lived with the guilt of his sister being institutionalised. His plays have been thought to mirror aspects of his life. Sparknotes on A Streetcar Named Desire agree that many of his female characters contain elements of his mother and sister and his male characters were based on his brutish father and childhood bullies (SparkNotes Editors. SparkNote on A Streetcar Named Desire. SparkNotes LLC. 2003. sparknotes. com/lit/streetcar/ (accessed February 24, 2011). ) It seems to me that Streetcar in particular does support this theory, as does The Glass Menagerie. Maybe Streetcars ending was simply Williams alluding to the fact that in real life, there is not always a happy ending, we dont always come away having learned something of even with a brighter outlook for the future, so why should the characters in his play. To conclude, I cant say that any positives have emerged from the ending of Streetcar, but I do not believe that this detracts in any way from the play being one of the great modern tragedies. Williams talent for creating believable characters his audience form attachments too is illustrated in the compulsion we feel to cultivate our own conclusions, and fill in the blanks that he didnt. This only added to my enjoyment of reading the play and I can only assume, from the plethora of different interpretations of the text I read on the internet when researching for this piece, that I am not the only person to feel this way.

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Human resource management - Essay Example The global business environment is now making this change more certain as the environment is becoming more volatile; the need for operational excellence because of variety of forces including technology, economy, society, regulatory forces, competition, individually and collectively. The changes in the business environment has become too constant that it has become imperative for the going concern nature of the organization to adopt the change in all the ways possible – but this changes is easier said than done. Since it involves affecting all dimensions of the organization including the most important recourse i.e. the stakeholders. This change brings in different meanings for and different reactions from these stakeholders – the human resource of the company. The implementation of new information systems revamps the entire operating environment of the organization; therefore, there is a need for organizational development, managing resistance throughout the company, managing the fear that prevails in people because of changing technology, building and reinforcing trust amongst all members and participants, and managing the stress – mental and physical (Suzzana & David, 2008). Organizational Development – the process of implementing the new system, does not involve an abrupt or an overnight replacement of the system; careful and full-fledged planning with effective communication with stakeholders is needed for the proper and effective implementation of the system. The rapid change adaptation is very much a function of the extent to which the employees are involved in the selection and implementation of the new system. This acceptance of change is also affected by the cultural factors, some cultures are risk takers and are more inclined towards easy adoption of change; others are risk averse and thus prone to follow the status quo to avoid any potential mishap. Tackling Resistance throughout the organization – As

Assignment Two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment Two - Essay Example This according to simple microeconomics indicates that the people have more purchasing or bargaining power as compared to the producer, in this case, Wal-Mart, or the purchasing power is very high for the people. Two: The suppliers of Wal-Mart are very diverse and belong not only to different cultural backgrounds but also to different sections of society. They have even started a supplier diversity program since 1994 where suppliers in the form of women as well as minority groups are encouraged to produce and sell products to them and earn in the process. It also has formed a coalition with a number of large firms around the world like Oklahoma food suppliers as well as suppliers in China. In this way, suppliers have a great amount of power as the company is very approachable and literally invites suppliers to join it and be a part of it. They are made to go through training programs and made fit and ready for the job. In this manner, a lot is done to ensure their welfare and maintai n a high level of product quality at the same time. Three: The main competitors for Wal-Mart are Target Corp and Costco. As per the valuation, shares as well as total revenue earned by the company, these two companies have currently come closest to measuring against Wal-Mart as the main competitors in the global market. However, the degree of rivalry continues to be medium and does not really pose a threat to Wal-Mart as such because of its soaring high figures. Four: Wal-Mart is following the cost leadership / broad target strategy in its working. This may be justified because according to Porter, broad target or cost leadership comes in when any firm is trying to win the market share by bringing about cost effectiveness in the produce and supply of its products. This is done in order to appeal the most to the consumers and form a part of their investments. Having the lowest range of prices of the products and services makes a firm reachable and accessible to a vaster consumer mark et and the firm can then hope to take a sort of lead or advantage in the economies of scale. In this kind of a situation, a firm mostly takes to producing standardized products which are easily available at a mass scale or rate of production and Wal-Mart has been following this. Five: In the value chain model, there are some very important processes in the case of Wal-Mart. They are: 1. Inbound and Outbound Logistics – this is because Wal-Mart’s main job is to receive and store products and inventory, control it as well as have transport facilities. Outbound would include warehousing, packaging and basically making the products available to the consumers easily. 2. Operations – this is the stage of value creation or of converting the inventory to finished products for the purpose of sale to the consumers. 3. Marketing and Sales – this is very important for Wal-Mart because its main job is to try and attract the consumers through the processes of marketing and sales. This is done with the help of promotions, advertising, retail managements and pricing. It basically forms a part of the entire marketing mix that is crucial for the existence of this company. 4. Service – this helps to enhance the product’s value and creates a link between the product and the consumers with respect to the company and thus is very importan

Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting

Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting This study explores various aspects of democracy and compulsory voting in the present political scenario with particular focus on the USA. The Thesis Statement is: Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. This paper is a comparative analysis of the works of different scholars on the democracy and voting. The topic chosen for the study is A Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting. The first part of the paper covers different aspects of the voting. The paper covers thoughts of Plato, Aristotle, Bellamy, Tocqueville, Kilborn, Zakaria, Daltono and others. Democracy and idea of compulsory voting do not go along as per the basic concept is concerned. However, unless the voting percent is high, the objectives of democracy can not be achieved. This opens avenues for discussion over the required and right approach for the compulsory voting and democracy. The countries compared and covered in this paper are Australia, America, some European countries like UK, France, Canada, Belgium and Thailand. Compulsory Voting Definition Compulsory voting has been defined in the following way: Birch (2009) defines compulsory voting as, Compulsory voting can be defined very simply as the legal obligation to attend the polls at election time and perform whatever duties are required there of electors. Concepts of Compulsory Voting Why to focus on compulsory voting? There are 29 countries in the world that have laws to fully force their citizens to take part in elections, and this constitutes a quarter of whole democratic countries (Birch, 2009). But in the compulsory voting states, the general perception about compulsory voting is that it is a relic of the past which has lost its utility in the present time and that it will ultimately vanish from the surface of the world as voters flex their muscles, states fight for their liberal powers and struggle to free themselves from all types of compulsion. In fact the states’ stand is definitely different from much modern political thought, which is more and more coming to see duties and rights as going hand to hand. Moreover participation in elections remains voluntary in many states. In the year 2006, there were three major reports issued on the topic of UK by the Electoral Commission, the Society of Hansard and Public Policy Research Institution (Ballinger, 2006; Electoral Commission, 2006; Keaney and Rogers, 2006). The same problem is faced by France and Canada where prominent members have recently called for the electoral participation to be mandatory. The big fact that compulsory voting has currently received too much attention from practicing politicians whose suggestion that it is ripe time for a reviewing of the old institution of voluntary voting is alarming. Widespread, high voter turnout legitimizes government and helps correct for lower levels of political participation and influence among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. However, state efforts to increase turnouts are unlikely to succeed if they merely chip away at the already low cost of voting. To reach consistently high turnout, state actors must look to richer understandings of voter behavior. (Marisam, 2009) Oddly enough, there has not been even a single monograph available on compulsory voting in English language for 50 years. We don’t claim that any studies have not been done on the topic. As a matter of fact it has been the subject of a range of academic journal articles, and its scope has been so much widened that it also touched on literatures as varied as on wealth inequality, etc. Yet compulsory voting tends to be studied mainly for context analyses which have principal objects for investigation. This aims to fill up the gap between scholarly literature by providing a fully detailed overview of the practice, history, cause and effect of the legal obligation for vote. If ever compulsory voting is to be introduced in polities, it is very important to have clear understanding of the different arguments for and against compulsory voting. One of the main functions of this study is to assess and evaluate the entire issue. Compulsory voting has been introduced in a number of conte xts dealing with a range of problems, from Belgium in 1893 to electoral corruption in Thailand over a century later in 1997. This research seeks to widen the study of compulsory voting by elaborating and systematically examining each of the effects against comparative proof from all over the world. Compulsory electoral contribution considerably alters the enticement structures which are faced by all the actors in the electoral field, from voters to parties and candidates and to electoral administrators. Compulsory voting is mainly investigated to understand and elucidate the impact of the institution on phenomena such as party strategies, electoral integrity, political engagement, electoral outcomes and policy outcomes. Drawing from a range of scholarly fields, this Article introduces a comprehensive framework for how state actors can conceive of and contemplate efforts to increase turnout. An understanding of how to engage core voter motivations, such as self-interest, social identity, altruistic cooperation, and community norms, must inform these efforts.   (Marisam, 2009) Conceptualizing Compulsory Voting It has been largely recognized by electoral behavioral lists that there are a number of factors that bring people to the polls. We can here conceptualize the incentives to vote which generally fall into two wide categories; push and pull factors. Pull factor in which pull includes the range of vote motive and it also includes wish to influence electoral outcome, it has expressive aim, goal, objective, identification with political contestants and perceptions of civil duties (e.g. Campbell et al., 1960; Riker and Ordeshook, 1968; Verba et al., 1978; Powell, 1980; 1982; 1986; Crewe, 1981; Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Dalton, 1996; Franklin, 1996; 2002; 2004; Gray and Caul, 2000; Blais, 2000; Norris 2002; 2004). The lawful compulsion to vote is a main ‘push’ factor; voters are urged to the polling booths by the law and they are threatened by the sanctions. But still there are other kinds of pressures also that can be exerted to make people come to vote. It includes politica l and social influences and generally operates outside the ambit of formal political institution and it never can be marked effectively. Such types of pressures are known for bringing forth highest rates of turnout and have been achieved in different parts of the world- the USSRs frequently reported 99.99% levels of electoral participation (Bruner, 1990). Australian System of Compulsory voting as discussed by Young Hill, (2009) has the high turnout rates and high informal voting. Although Australias compulsory voting system (4) has led to a very high rate of turnout in Australiaon average around 93 per cent of registered voters (5)there is also a high informal voting rate and this has led to the political exclusion of significant numbers of citizens. At each national election in Australia, hundreds of thousands of votes are not counted because the ballots are improperly filled out. The informal vote rate is an indicator of social and political exclusion, with particular groups of Australians being inordinately disadvantaged. The fact that this indicator has increased in four out of the past five federal elections is of significant concern.  (Young Hill, 2009) A Typology of compulsory voting Form of obligation Sanctioned Unsanctioned Formal Sanctioned electoral compulsion ( e.g. Australia ) Unsanctioned electoral compulsion (e.g. Venezuela ) Informal Sanctions, benefits in the absence of formal compulsion (USSR) No Compulsion, little pressure to vote (USA) Table: 1 Full Participation Sarah Birch Political parties may also play an important role in influencing Coercive mobilization  (see Cox and Kousser, 1981; Hasen, 2000; Lehoucq 2003). At least, sometimes even ordinary social pressure proves to be a powerful force in encouraging and boosting people to vote. Campbell et al., 1960;  Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Blais, 2000; Franklin, 2004) It should be considered that while discussing compulsory electoral participation, we mainly focus on the cases where electors have legal obligation for polls. But usually, legal and informal socio-political forces play very complex role.   Participation of voters in the voting process due to legal obligation congruent with social and political norms must be considered a variation within state machineries along with sub-cultural, geographical or the other lines- in the forms of congruence. Ian McAllister and Toni Makkai have linked high levels of informal voting in Australia to the interaction between compulsory voting, the presence of large numbers of immigrants within the electorate and the complexity of the electoral system. (38) The frequency of elections, the disparity between voting methods at three distinct levels of government and the presence of compulsory preferential voting, all combine to create a complex voting system that makes it difficult for those with low English and literacy and numeracy competence to record a formal vote. (39) It is telling that, of late, informal voting in New South Wales has been higher than the national average  (Young Hill, 2009) In simple way we should understand that there are two ways of obligation to vote: informal (social and political) and the formal (legal). It should also be clearly noted that enforcement of formal compulsory electoral participation needs to be related to cultural environment and politics which help in the reinforcement of voting (i.e. congruence between legal and socio-political forces). Malouf puts it, compulsory voting `is a great leveler which forces us `to remember that however grand we may think ourselves, we have just one say like everyone else (cited in Jones 1996: 23). Zachary Elkins (1996:iv), wrote that from the idea Brazilian case, and suggested that compulsory voting laws are very important and it holds means civic habits and structuring a culture participatory in nations where democracy is not yet consolidated. Senator Nick Minchin has made the debatable argument that `compulsory voting has in fact a donor to the low level of political knowledge in modern Australia (1996b: 18), and according to Morgan Poll conducted in 1997 show that 67 per cent of Australians was in favor of compulsory voting. According to the Newspoll market research of Australian electoral commission 1996, 3rd march and 74 % was at the side of compulsory voting at the federal election. Compulsory voting presents very significant connection between vertically (between governed and gove rnors) and horizontally (between members of the electorate). It is silly and strange to suggest that voting is solution for many problems such like problems of power asymmetries which is linked with democracies, so it clearly seen that voting can work to restructure some of the effective marginality. Rydon (1997: 177) also stressed that genuine democracy needs that people should be completely free to vote. In the case, an individual does not want to vote than freedom should be in his hands no one can force him. Majority report of current parliamentary question on compulsory voting and stated: `if Australia is to consider itself a mature democracy, compulsory voting should now be abolished (Wright 1997). Stevens (1984: 84-91) noted that in this case voting became state election rule in Australia. It became compulsory in 1980. An education program was brought by Australian Electoral Office to explain election effectiveness, and voting propose was to prevent and effective disenfranchisement which is caused by informal votes (Jaensch et al. 1981). State and Government Ideal state and justice by Plato and Aristotle According to Plato only through society (state) good life can be possible. He also mentions that society is a natural institution and all human beings are political and social animals. State exists only for the sake of good life. Now according to Plato, freedom and economic well-being can not define good life. And justice should be the aim if we intend to have a good society and lead a good life. Justice is therefore must conformed by a true state (the Ideal of which exists in the World of Forms). And so state must not define what is just. Justice is an entity of knowledge, and it is one of the forms. This is the reason that every statesman should be a philosopher. And supposing he is not the same, he will only lead the state towards self-destruction. Justice for the state is equivalent to justice for any individual, and state must be regarded as a pattern of justice for every individual. According to Plato souls have three parts: Fig: 1 The City-State According to Plato justice always exists in individual when the lower appetites are subject to government of reason. The state should be in peace and harmony and this peace of the state is analogous to the peace of the individual. Recall Socrates self-rule. Freedom actually means what we have to do with wisdom and have ability to do what we ought. In other words, it is only when our appetites are subject to reason that every individual can do whatever they ought to do. This is clear that unjust person cant control his anger, and he can only moderate his passion towards money, etc. So for Plato justice is a form of order, a harmony between the appetites and reason. Plato also means that just person will never allow his anger to move towards something irrational in any way. So only in this way just person is truly free, so the same thing applies to state also that only that state which is just is truly free. Thus, the just state looks like the following Fig: 2 the City-State Justice in Aristotle’s View: (The Nicomachean Ethics, pp. 741-748.) The Greek words for justice and injustice are more unclear than the recent English vocabulary. For Aristotle Justice is a virtue-a sort of character feature. For him justice is a part of ones motives and behavior. He accepts clearly a line between all those who participate in a society/state but do nothing. According to him only few are true citizens of the state who take part in state. People who stay in state and work for it but do not meet any of the criteria of being true citizen and should not receive any benefit of political enterprise. Aristotle searches virtue in terms of the Golden Mean, if justice is a virtue as we think then it must be some kind of mean. Thus it must be some kind of intermediate act, between some sort of extreme circumstances. Sometimes, state’s character can be recognized by its effects and by the effects of its opposites. So roughly one can find out that a person is unhealthy because he holds certain types of characteristics which are opposite to healthy characteristics. Though Aristotle thinks that the characteristics of justice are vague and he feels to identify the characteristics for injustice and work. A person who does not follow law is unjust and greedy. The just person necessarily follows the law and seeks for his fair share in state. Greed: A person who is greedy only wants to grab everything. Every thing is not absolutely good or is not good for everyone but a greedy person can not understand it. Law:  The law is loyal to the benefit for all, or to the benefit for the best, or to the benefit for all those in power. Thus it serves the creation or the safeguarding of cheerfulness within politics. The law orders us to perform according to the mean. A well-written law follows the mean well and the poorly written law does not. So it is clear that Justice is a virtue that can be applied to all neighbors and fellow citizens. Justice is not a particular intermediate but it is a way of looking intermediates. It is justice for all fellow citizens, but when it gets considered, it becomes abstract. Education of the guardian by Plato and Aristotle Platos Republic is most excellent and is known all over the world for its ultimate defense of justice. It also includes an equally powerful protection of philosophical education. Platos ideas of education, however, are hard to distinguish because of the unnecessary details of conversation. Socrates (Platos representative of dialogue) posits two contradictory visions of education (the first is the education of the warrior guardians and the second is the philosopher-kings education), but he also provides a slight description of education between the educational methods he uses with Glaucon and Adeimantus. While the spectacular framework of the conversation makes facets of the  Republic  tricky to clutch, in the case of education, it also provides the key to locating and understanding Socrates factual idea of education. Socrates educational approach interlocutors directly correspond with his vision of the education of the philosopher-kings. And partly suggest that the allegory of the yielding is representative of factual Socratic education. The first explanation of education, however, is not an incorporated dialogue lacking reason. In accordance with the playful, progressive and philosophical education, recommended by the yield equivalence and the philosopher-kings education, Socrates uses many unreliable and frequently contradictory thoughts and images (among which is the first account of education) regularly directs his pupils in the direction of a personal understanding of knowledge and philosophy. The aim of education is to create a good man. By nature every man is good. He has to study to manage his animal behavior through the exercise of reason. Man behaves according to customs and reason as a rational being and he is able to have pleasure. Education aims at the development of the potentialities every man has. It must seek for mans intellectual capacities for development and personal growth and highest level of physical and mental strength and health. Form of government by Aristotle Aristotle discussed three more different kinds of constitution namely oligarchy, democracy, and polity in his works (Ackrill, 1997, Aristotle, translated by Ostwald, 1999). There are numerous kinds of democracy and numerous kinds of oligarchy. The words few and many envelop a range of social categories, reversing from one city to other, and the term rule covers a range of actions which are carried out with the help of various organs. This is a good matter to deal and activities are allocated to social category. It is clear which organ of administration is managed and controlled by which groups but all this is enclosed by the umbrella terms few and many. Depending on how closely power is scattered, there are numerous unusual kinds and forms of government in Platos table. In his book The Politics he distinguishes between good and bad forms of ruling, whether it is rule by many (democracy), by a few (oligarchy, aristocracy) or by one (monarchy). Aristotle in his book clearly stated that he was never in favor of democracy and democracy is not the best form of government. As it is also right for oligarchy and monarchy, rule in democracy is mainly for and by the people named in the government type. But according to him in democratic form of system, rule is by and for the needy only. In disparity, rule of law or aristocracy (literally, power [rule] of the best) or even monarchy, where the ruler has the attention of his country by his whole heart, are improved types of government. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans Government, Aristotle says, must be by those people who have sufficient time in their hands to follow virtue. In present U.S. drive towards movement of financing laws planned to build the political life existing even without well- endowed fathers. It is very unusual from the contemporary generation politicians who only move by wealth at the cost of the citizenry. Aristotle believes that rulers should be propertied and leisured, so, without any fear they can give their time to produce virtue. Aristotle actually does not favor any one form of Government. There are possibly three types of government, oligarchy, polity and monarchy. Aristotle perhaps favors the last type. Polity is made up of the major groups of individuals who have slightest chance to do any real damage to the state. Oligarchy is made up of the aristocracy. And monarchy is made up of only one ruler. All these have the greater chance of damage because action can be taken by few individuals. For all time Aristotle approximately prefers a middle (mean) position to one of the extremes. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans The book Democracy in America by Tocqueville translated by Henry Reeve says that United States paid very less attention towards philosophy in this civilized world. Americans dont have even a philosophical school of their own. They do care but very less for all the schools and in that sense Europe is divided, and the name of such a school is scarcely known to them. Democracy and Oligarchy Definition Democracy has been defined differently by different authors. A simple definition of democracy by Joseph Schumpeter is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote (as cited by Cheema and Maguire, 2004) The democracy has been divided into different categories and countries are placed within different regimes. The Economist Intelligence Unit’s democracy index is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Countries are placed within one of four types of regimes: full democracies; flawed democracies; hybrid regimes; and authoritarian regimes. (The Economist, 2008) Table: Democracies across the world Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans( Tocqueville) According to the Tocqueville there is only one county on this earth where whole citizens enjoy maximum freedom of association for political purposes. America is the only country where continual exercise of right to association has been introduced into civil life. In other countries where political associations are illegal, civil associations are rare but connection between these two kinds of associations is necessary. In many states participation in elections remains voluntary and growing number of voices which call for making it legal obligation never gets successful. In the year 2006 UK issued major report on it which is clearly given in the introduction part. Here the main things to focus is that compulsory voting is very much appreciated by the political leaders who all are practicing and giving advice that time is ripe for a reviewing of institution scholar. Civil association facilitates political association while on the other side political association strengthens and develops the association for civil purposes. In civil life, every human may speak harshly so that he can be provided for his own want. When people have any idea of public life, they enjoy it very much. Politics gives birth to all associations in civil life but is rarely interested in drawing numbers of men to act concretely. It needs high quality of skills but in politics opportunities are present every day. In politics men come together for clear and great understanding and through this they make principles of association to teach them how to co-operate each other. A political association brings a number of people at the same time out of their own circle. Civil association never gets any contribution from political association. People look upon public association as a lucrative world because here people are free to do anything in a democratic manner. According to the aut hor art of association is like mother of action which can be applied to all. Liberal and global focus on democratic participation in election is democracy. George said that he even heard about America that voting is most important right as being an American citizen and him also mentioned that democracy is very precious system for people and for country. Relation of civil to political association by Tocqueville Reeve further elaborates American democracy by the condition of equality that leads men to entertain instinctive of the supernatural and exaggerated opinion of the human understanding. Men who live in social equality are not easily led to place that intellectual authority in which they blow beyond and above humanity. Every ordinary person commonly seeks for sources of truth in themselves, and this is enough to prove that no new religions and schemes can be established for such purposes as they are not immoral. This is again clear that democratic people will not give credence to marvelous mission; people will seek to discover the chief arbiter and go beyond their limits of human kind. An individual is compared with others for equality in democratic country as he is equal to others in civil society. In United States every individual adopts great numbers of theories on morals, politics, and philosophy without any inquiry upon public trust. This is a fact that political laws of the Unite d States are majority rules and the political community has sovereignty and this increases their power. Effects of compulsory voting on Australia According to Mackerras and McAllister (1996: 2) in compulsory voting Australia has an efficient system and it is probably oldest of any advanced democracies. In year 1997 Parliament recommended that compulsory voting necessity for referenda and federal elections be repealed and this was reported by Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters table. Few year back when Chris Ellison was Senator of Australia (the minister responsible for federal electoral arrangements presented a bill to Australian Parliament which was against prisoners of Australia and in that bill, it was about to deny prisoners rights for federal rights for voting. According to Senator Nick Minchin ( 1996a: 245,248) said that compulsory voting is a fundamental breach of civil liberties and that it is `inconsistent with the essence of a free and democratic society to force people to vote There was the claim that liberal- democratic principles of choice and freedom which violated by compulsion voting, on the other-s ide there are some fundamental democratic ideals and principles and that is: legitimacy, representativeness, minimization of elite power and political equality (Stevens 1984: 61; Johns 1998: 368-9). Since voluntary voting low down and give incomplete information regarding the electorate, one could easily argue on it that democratic principle of popular sovereignty enhances by compulsory voting. Those who all are free over the liberal principles in this philosophical war stated that compulsory voting post minor restriction on freedom of personal in comparison to the other collective action or problems which is resolved in democracies by mandatory such like: jury duty, paying taxes and compulsory school attendances (Lijphart 1997: 1). The fact that compulsory voting annoyance on the state to sure insertion on individuals voting, and also suggested that voting obligation is actually reciprocal one. So it is clear compulsory voting is a misnomer, it is only a kind of attendance at a polling place (entailing having ones name marked off the roll, collecting the ballot papers and putting them in the ballot box) that is compulsory. The AEC never search to force people to note their ballot paper, so therefore great chance and opportunity to participate in state activities. Compulsory voting is a nosy and odd incident but apparently neither it bothered to Australians, nor have they make compulsion for voting, very few asked questions against paradoxical status and liberal democratic relation principles. Many of the Australian felt that voting is not a compulsion in-fact it is a fair to understand that voting is undemanding civic obligation and it is seen in Australia mainly in political culture which deeply supported Aust ralian electorate. Compulsory voting functions as an agent of social cohesion which mainly focus on public etymologically: till what extent voluntary voting can shape of republic and this give understanding regarding the relationship between community and voting. Compulsory voting provides a rare occasion for solitary participation. Liberal democracy and global focus on democracy by Fareed Zakaria The US government is stuck on democracy that it has been keenly promoting it all over the globe. US State Department officials and politicians have connected eligibility for help to democratic improvements within the nations. Zakaria (2003) seems to have no objection to the aid. He just wishes that the United States would stop demanding that countries make democratic reforms as a condition for receiving the assistance. Therefore, many nations in Africa, South America, and Asia who have turned more democratic in recent years, but at the same time have become less free. What you end up with, the author writes, is little unlike from autocracy; albeit one that has greater legitimacy. Struggling nations require the rule of law and right and respect for individual — constitutional liberalism — very much. US government has been unconsciously approaching democracy on individual level. To take a step toward greater democracy is also obvious in America, however Zakaria (2003) does not like what he sees. He argues that people believe in the balance between the right of the majority and the will of the minority. America is at the same time pursuing a simple-minded theory that all people should value the legitimacy of democracy. This philosophy has destructed all old institutions and undermined all traditional authorities. Congress in America for example, is more democratic, but Zakaria (2003) adds that it is therefore more open to special-interest group pressures. The author too supports Zakaria (2003) and also states that spread of direct democracy — that is, referenda and vote initiative is prevalent in the US. On these processes, Leef (2003) says; give us a jumble of laws, often contradictory, without any of the debate, deliberation, and compromise that characterize legislation. Zakarias (2003) solution moves towards decision making and that is not democratic, therefore sightedness and special interest pressure remains. Zakaria (2003) really admires Federal Reserve because it is insulated by democracy. However this book is not well thought about the problems which Americans face and there people are making many different political decisions democratically. According to the author constitutional liberalism must return but deemphasizing democracy makes difference in political institution. Here author says that earlier democratic system in America was very less and was totally authoritarian government mandates but still it passed a lot of legislation as Zakaria (2003) wanted, thats why the author says that Zakaria (2003) has lost sight of the goal and he never focuses much on the goal namely a restoration of constitutional liberalism. Conclusion In the last, the long arguments remain the same that if there are freedom and equality which are considered to be intrinsic parts of democracy then why to enforce laws of compulsory voting. Compulsory voting is a contradiction in itself. If one has a democracy and one does not have freedom to vote or not to vote there, the very purpose of democracy that provides people with the right to vote or not to vote ge Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting This study explores various aspects of democracy and compulsory voting in the present political scenario with particular focus on the USA. The Thesis Statement is: Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA. This paper is a comparative analysis of the works of different scholars on the democracy and voting. The topic chosen for the study is A Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting. The first part of the paper covers different aspects of the voting. The paper covers thoughts of Plato, Aristotle, Bellamy, Tocqueville, Kilborn, Zakaria, Daltono and others. Democracy and idea of compulsory voting do not go along as per the basic concept is concerned. However, unless the voting percent is high, the objectives of democracy can not be achieved. This opens avenues for discussion over the required and right approach for the compulsory voting and democracy. The countries compared and covered in this paper are Australia, America, some European countries like UK, France, Canada, Belgium and Thailand. Compulsory Voting Definition Compulsory voting has been defined in the following way: Birch (2009) defines compulsory voting as, Compulsory voting can be defined very simply as the legal obligation to attend the polls at election time and perform whatever duties are required there of electors. Concepts of Compulsory Voting Why to focus on compulsory voting? There are 29 countries in the world that have laws to fully force their citizens to take part in elections, and this constitutes a quarter of whole democratic countries (Birch, 2009). But in the compulsory voting states, the general perception about compulsory voting is that it is a relic of the past which has lost its utility in the present time and that it will ultimately vanish from the surface of the world as voters flex their muscles, states fight for their liberal powers and struggle to free themselves from all types of compulsion. In fact the states’ stand is definitely different from much modern political thought, which is more and more coming to see duties and rights as going hand to hand. Moreover participation in elections remains voluntary in many states. In the year 2006, there were three major reports issued on the topic of UK by the Electoral Commission, the Society of Hansard and Public Policy Research Institution (Ballinger, 2006; Electoral Commission, 2006; Keaney and Rogers, 2006). The same problem is faced by France and Canada where prominent members have recently called for the electoral participation to be mandatory. The big fact that compulsory voting has currently received too much attention from practicing politicians whose suggestion that it is ripe time for a reviewing of the old institution of voluntary voting is alarming. Widespread, high voter turnout legitimizes government and helps correct for lower levels of political participation and influence among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. However, state efforts to increase turnouts are unlikely to succeed if they merely chip away at the already low cost of voting. To reach consistently high turnout, state actors must look to richer understandings of voter behavior. (Marisam, 2009) Oddly enough, there has not been even a single monograph available on compulsory voting in English language for 50 years. We don’t claim that any studies have not been done on the topic. As a matter of fact it has been the subject of a range of academic journal articles, and its scope has been so much widened that it also touched on literatures as varied as on wealth inequality, etc. Yet compulsory voting tends to be studied mainly for context analyses which have principal objects for investigation. This aims to fill up the gap between scholarly literature by providing a fully detailed overview of the practice, history, cause and effect of the legal obligation for vote. If ever compulsory voting is to be introduced in polities, it is very important to have clear understanding of the different arguments for and against compulsory voting. One of the main functions of this study is to assess and evaluate the entire issue. Compulsory voting has been introduced in a number of conte xts dealing with a range of problems, from Belgium in 1893 to electoral corruption in Thailand over a century later in 1997. This research seeks to widen the study of compulsory voting by elaborating and systematically examining each of the effects against comparative proof from all over the world. Compulsory electoral contribution considerably alters the enticement structures which are faced by all the actors in the electoral field, from voters to parties and candidates and to electoral administrators. Compulsory voting is mainly investigated to understand and elucidate the impact of the institution on phenomena such as party strategies, electoral integrity, political engagement, electoral outcomes and policy outcomes. Drawing from a range of scholarly fields, this Article introduces a comprehensive framework for how state actors can conceive of and contemplate efforts to increase turnout. An understanding of how to engage core voter motivations, such as self-interest, social identity, altruistic cooperation, and community norms, must inform these efforts.   (Marisam, 2009) Conceptualizing Compulsory Voting It has been largely recognized by electoral behavioral lists that there are a number of factors that bring people to the polls. We can here conceptualize the incentives to vote which generally fall into two wide categories; push and pull factors. Pull factor in which pull includes the range of vote motive and it also includes wish to influence electoral outcome, it has expressive aim, goal, objective, identification with political contestants and perceptions of civil duties (e.g. Campbell et al., 1960; Riker and Ordeshook, 1968; Verba et al., 1978; Powell, 1980; 1982; 1986; Crewe, 1981; Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Dalton, 1996; Franklin, 1996; 2002; 2004; Gray and Caul, 2000; Blais, 2000; Norris 2002; 2004). The lawful compulsion to vote is a main ‘push’ factor; voters are urged to the polling booths by the law and they are threatened by the sanctions. But still there are other kinds of pressures also that can be exerted to make people come to vote. It includes politica l and social influences and generally operates outside the ambit of formal political institution and it never can be marked effectively. Such types of pressures are known for bringing forth highest rates of turnout and have been achieved in different parts of the world- the USSRs frequently reported 99.99% levels of electoral participation (Bruner, 1990). Australian System of Compulsory voting as discussed by Young Hill, (2009) has the high turnout rates and high informal voting. Although Australias compulsory voting system (4) has led to a very high rate of turnout in Australiaon average around 93 per cent of registered voters (5)there is also a high informal voting rate and this has led to the political exclusion of significant numbers of citizens. At each national election in Australia, hundreds of thousands of votes are not counted because the ballots are improperly filled out. The informal vote rate is an indicator of social and political exclusion, with particular groups of Australians being inordinately disadvantaged. The fact that this indicator has increased in four out of the past five federal elections is of significant concern.  (Young Hill, 2009) A Typology of compulsory voting Form of obligation Sanctioned Unsanctioned Formal Sanctioned electoral compulsion ( e.g. Australia ) Unsanctioned electoral compulsion (e.g. Venezuela ) Informal Sanctions, benefits in the absence of formal compulsion (USSR) No Compulsion, little pressure to vote (USA) Table: 1 Full Participation Sarah Birch Political parties may also play an important role in influencing Coercive mobilization  (see Cox and Kousser, 1981; Hasen, 2000; Lehoucq 2003). At least, sometimes even ordinary social pressure proves to be a powerful force in encouraging and boosting people to vote. Campbell et al., 1960;  Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Blais, 2000; Franklin, 2004) It should be considered that while discussing compulsory electoral participation, we mainly focus on the cases where electors have legal obligation for polls. But usually, legal and informal socio-political forces play very complex role.   Participation of voters in the voting process due to legal obligation congruent with social and political norms must be considered a variation within state machineries along with sub-cultural, geographical or the other lines- in the forms of congruence. Ian McAllister and Toni Makkai have linked high levels of informal voting in Australia to the interaction between compulsory voting, the presence of large numbers of immigrants within the electorate and the complexity of the electoral system. (38) The frequency of elections, the disparity between voting methods at three distinct levels of government and the presence of compulsory preferential voting, all combine to create a complex voting system that makes it difficult for those with low English and literacy and numeracy competence to record a formal vote. (39) It is telling that, of late, informal voting in New South Wales has been higher than the national average  (Young Hill, 2009) In simple way we should understand that there are two ways of obligation to vote: informal (social and political) and the formal (legal). It should also be clearly noted that enforcement of formal compulsory electoral participation needs to be related to cultural environment and politics which help in the reinforcement of voting (i.e. congruence between legal and socio-political forces). Malouf puts it, compulsory voting `is a great leveler which forces us `to remember that however grand we may think ourselves, we have just one say like everyone else (cited in Jones 1996: 23). Zachary Elkins (1996:iv), wrote that from the idea Brazilian case, and suggested that compulsory voting laws are very important and it holds means civic habits and structuring a culture participatory in nations where democracy is not yet consolidated. Senator Nick Minchin has made the debatable argument that `compulsory voting has in fact a donor to the low level of political knowledge in modern Australia (1996b: 18), and according to Morgan Poll conducted in 1997 show that 67 per cent of Australians was in favor of compulsory voting. According to the Newspoll market research of Australian electoral commission 1996, 3rd march and 74 % was at the side of compulsory voting at the federal election. Compulsory voting presents very significant connection between vertically (between governed and gove rnors) and horizontally (between members of the electorate). It is silly and strange to suggest that voting is solution for many problems such like problems of power asymmetries which is linked with democracies, so it clearly seen that voting can work to restructure some of the effective marginality. Rydon (1997: 177) also stressed that genuine democracy needs that people should be completely free to vote. In the case, an individual does not want to vote than freedom should be in his hands no one can force him. Majority report of current parliamentary question on compulsory voting and stated: `if Australia is to consider itself a mature democracy, compulsory voting should now be abolished (Wright 1997). Stevens (1984: 84-91) noted that in this case voting became state election rule in Australia. It became compulsory in 1980. An education program was brought by Australian Electoral Office to explain election effectiveness, and voting propose was to prevent and effective disenfranchisement which is caused by informal votes (Jaensch et al. 1981). State and Government Ideal state and justice by Plato and Aristotle According to Plato only through society (state) good life can be possible. He also mentions that society is a natural institution and all human beings are political and social animals. State exists only for the sake of good life. Now according to Plato, freedom and economic well-being can not define good life. And justice should be the aim if we intend to have a good society and lead a good life. Justice is therefore must conformed by a true state (the Ideal of which exists in the World of Forms). And so state must not define what is just. Justice is an entity of knowledge, and it is one of the forms. This is the reason that every statesman should be a philosopher. And supposing he is not the same, he will only lead the state towards self-destruction. Justice for the state is equivalent to justice for any individual, and state must be regarded as a pattern of justice for every individual. According to Plato souls have three parts: Fig: 1 The City-State According to Plato justice always exists in individual when the lower appetites are subject to government of reason. The state should be in peace and harmony and this peace of the state is analogous to the peace of the individual. Recall Socrates self-rule. Freedom actually means what we have to do with wisdom and have ability to do what we ought. In other words, it is only when our appetites are subject to reason that every individual can do whatever they ought to do. This is clear that unjust person cant control his anger, and he can only moderate his passion towards money, etc. So for Plato justice is a form of order, a harmony between the appetites and reason. Plato also means that just person will never allow his anger to move towards something irrational in any way. So only in this way just person is truly free, so the same thing applies to state also that only that state which is just is truly free. Thus, the just state looks like the following Fig: 2 the City-State Justice in Aristotle’s View: (The Nicomachean Ethics, pp. 741-748.) The Greek words for justice and injustice are more unclear than the recent English vocabulary. For Aristotle Justice is a virtue-a sort of character feature. For him justice is a part of ones motives and behavior. He accepts clearly a line between all those who participate in a society/state but do nothing. According to him only few are true citizens of the state who take part in state. People who stay in state and work for it but do not meet any of the criteria of being true citizen and should not receive any benefit of political enterprise. Aristotle searches virtue in terms of the Golden Mean, if justice is a virtue as we think then it must be some kind of mean. Thus it must be some kind of intermediate act, between some sort of extreme circumstances. Sometimes, state’s character can be recognized by its effects and by the effects of its opposites. So roughly one can find out that a person is unhealthy because he holds certain types of characteristics which are opposite to healthy characteristics. Though Aristotle thinks that the characteristics of justice are vague and he feels to identify the characteristics for injustice and work. A person who does not follow law is unjust and greedy. The just person necessarily follows the law and seeks for his fair share in state. Greed: A person who is greedy only wants to grab everything. Every thing is not absolutely good or is not good for everyone but a greedy person can not understand it. Law:  The law is loyal to the benefit for all, or to the benefit for the best, or to the benefit for all those in power. Thus it serves the creation or the safeguarding of cheerfulness within politics. The law orders us to perform according to the mean. A well-written law follows the mean well and the poorly written law does not. So it is clear that Justice is a virtue that can be applied to all neighbors and fellow citizens. Justice is not a particular intermediate but it is a way of looking intermediates. It is justice for all fellow citizens, but when it gets considered, it becomes abstract. Education of the guardian by Plato and Aristotle Platos Republic is most excellent and is known all over the world for its ultimate defense of justice. It also includes an equally powerful protection of philosophical education. Platos ideas of education, however, are hard to distinguish because of the unnecessary details of conversation. Socrates (Platos representative of dialogue) posits two contradictory visions of education (the first is the education of the warrior guardians and the second is the philosopher-kings education), but he also provides a slight description of education between the educational methods he uses with Glaucon and Adeimantus. While the spectacular framework of the conversation makes facets of the  Republic  tricky to clutch, in the case of education, it also provides the key to locating and understanding Socrates factual idea of education. Socrates educational approach interlocutors directly correspond with his vision of the education of the philosopher-kings. And partly suggest that the allegory of the yielding is representative of factual Socratic education. The first explanation of education, however, is not an incorporated dialogue lacking reason. In accordance with the playful, progressive and philosophical education, recommended by the yield equivalence and the philosopher-kings education, Socrates uses many unreliable and frequently contradictory thoughts and images (among which is the first account of education) regularly directs his pupils in the direction of a personal understanding of knowledge and philosophy. The aim of education is to create a good man. By nature every man is good. He has to study to manage his animal behavior through the exercise of reason. Man behaves according to customs and reason as a rational being and he is able to have pleasure. Education aims at the development of the potentialities every man has. It must seek for mans intellectual capacities for development and personal growth and highest level of physical and mental strength and health. Form of government by Aristotle Aristotle discussed three more different kinds of constitution namely oligarchy, democracy, and polity in his works (Ackrill, 1997, Aristotle, translated by Ostwald, 1999). There are numerous kinds of democracy and numerous kinds of oligarchy. The words few and many envelop a range of social categories, reversing from one city to other, and the term rule covers a range of actions which are carried out with the help of various organs. This is a good matter to deal and activities are allocated to social category. It is clear which organ of administration is managed and controlled by which groups but all this is enclosed by the umbrella terms few and many. Depending on how closely power is scattered, there are numerous unusual kinds and forms of government in Platos table. In his book The Politics he distinguishes between good and bad forms of ruling, whether it is rule by many (democracy), by a few (oligarchy, aristocracy) or by one (monarchy). Aristotle in his book clearly stated that he was never in favor of democracy and democracy is not the best form of government. As it is also right for oligarchy and monarchy, rule in democracy is mainly for and by the people named in the government type. But according to him in democratic form of system, rule is by and for the needy only. In disparity, rule of law or aristocracy (literally, power [rule] of the best) or even monarchy, where the ruler has the attention of his country by his whole heart, are improved types of government. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans Government, Aristotle says, must be by those people who have sufficient time in their hands to follow virtue. In present U.S. drive towards movement of financing laws planned to build the political life existing even without well- endowed fathers. It is very unusual from the contemporary generation politicians who only move by wealth at the cost of the citizenry. Aristotle believes that rulers should be propertied and leisured, so, without any fear they can give their time to produce virtue. Aristotle actually does not favor any one form of Government. There are possibly three types of government, oligarchy, polity and monarchy. Aristotle perhaps favors the last type. Polity is made up of the major groups of individuals who have slightest chance to do any real damage to the state. Oligarchy is made up of the aristocracy. And monarchy is made up of only one ruler. All these have the greater chance of damage because action can be taken by few individuals. For all time Aristotle approximately prefers a middle (mean) position to one of the extremes. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans The book Democracy in America by Tocqueville translated by Henry Reeve says that United States paid very less attention towards philosophy in this civilized world. Americans dont have even a philosophical school of their own. They do care but very less for all the schools and in that sense Europe is divided, and the name of such a school is scarcely known to them. Democracy and Oligarchy Definition Democracy has been defined differently by different authors. A simple definition of democracy by Joseph Schumpeter is that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote (as cited by Cheema and Maguire, 2004) The democracy has been divided into different categories and countries are placed within different regimes. The Economist Intelligence Unit’s democracy index is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Countries are placed within one of four types of regimes: full democracies; flawed democracies; hybrid regimes; and authoritarian regimes. (The Economist, 2008) Table: Democracies across the world Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans( Tocqueville) According to the Tocqueville there is only one county on this earth where whole citizens enjoy maximum freedom of association for political purposes. America is the only country where continual exercise of right to association has been introduced into civil life. In other countries where political associations are illegal, civil associations are rare but connection between these two kinds of associations is necessary. In many states participation in elections remains voluntary and growing number of voices which call for making it legal obligation never gets successful. In the year 2006 UK issued major report on it which is clearly given in the introduction part. Here the main things to focus is that compulsory voting is very much appreciated by the political leaders who all are practicing and giving advice that time is ripe for a reviewing of institution scholar. Civil association facilitates political association while on the other side political association strengthens and develops the association for civil purposes. In civil life, every human may speak harshly so that he can be provided for his own want. When people have any idea of public life, they enjoy it very much. Politics gives birth to all associations in civil life but is rarely interested in drawing numbers of men to act concretely. It needs high quality of skills but in politics opportunities are present every day. In politics men come together for clear and great understanding and through this they make principles of association to teach them how to co-operate each other. A political association brings a number of people at the same time out of their own circle. Civil association never gets any contribution from political association. People look upon public association as a lucrative world because here people are free to do anything in a democratic manner. According to the aut hor art of association is like mother of action which can be applied to all. Liberal and global focus on democratic participation in election is democracy. George said that he even heard about America that voting is most important right as being an American citizen and him also mentioned that democracy is very precious system for people and for country. Relation of civil to political association by Tocqueville Reeve further elaborates American democracy by the condition of equality that leads men to entertain instinctive of the supernatural and exaggerated opinion of the human understanding. Men who live in social equality are not easily led to place that intellectual authority in which they blow beyond and above humanity. Every ordinary person commonly seeks for sources of truth in themselves, and this is enough to prove that no new religions and schemes can be established for such purposes as they are not immoral. This is again clear that democratic people will not give credence to marvelous mission; people will seek to discover the chief arbiter and go beyond their limits of human kind. An individual is compared with others for equality in democratic country as he is equal to others in civil society. In United States every individual adopts great numbers of theories on morals, politics, and philosophy without any inquiry upon public trust. This is a fact that political laws of the Unite d States are majority rules and the political community has sovereignty and this increases their power. Effects of compulsory voting on Australia According to Mackerras and McAllister (1996: 2) in compulsory voting Australia has an efficient system and it is probably oldest of any advanced democracies. In year 1997 Parliament recommended that compulsory voting necessity for referenda and federal elections be repealed and this was reported by Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters table. Few year back when Chris Ellison was Senator of Australia (the minister responsible for federal electoral arrangements presented a bill to Australian Parliament which was against prisoners of Australia and in that bill, it was about to deny prisoners rights for federal rights for voting. According to Senator Nick Minchin ( 1996a: 245,248) said that compulsory voting is a fundamental breach of civil liberties and that it is `inconsistent with the essence of a free and democratic society to force people to vote There was the claim that liberal- democratic principles of choice and freedom which violated by compulsion voting, on the other-s ide there are some fundamental democratic ideals and principles and that is: legitimacy, representativeness, minimization of elite power and political equality (Stevens 1984: 61; Johns 1998: 368-9). Since voluntary voting low down and give incomplete information regarding the electorate, one could easily argue on it that democratic principle of popular sovereignty enhances by compulsory voting. Those who all are free over the liberal principles in this philosophical war stated that compulsory voting post minor restriction on freedom of personal in comparison to the other collective action or problems which is resolved in democracies by mandatory such like: jury duty, paying taxes and compulsory school attendances (Lijphart 1997: 1). The fact that compulsory voting annoyance on the state to sure insertion on individuals voting, and also suggested that voting obligation is actually reciprocal one. So it is clear compulsory voting is a misnomer, it is only a kind of attendance at a polling place (entailing having ones name marked off the roll, collecting the ballot papers and putting them in the ballot box) that is compulsory. The AEC never search to force people to note their ballot paper, so therefore great chance and opportunity to participate in state activities. Compulsory voting is a nosy and odd incident but apparently neither it bothered to Australians, nor have they make compulsion for voting, very few asked questions against paradoxical status and liberal democratic relation principles. Many of the Australian felt that voting is not a compulsion in-fact it is a fair to understand that voting is undemanding civic obligation and it is seen in Australia mainly in political culture which deeply supported Aust ralian electorate. Compulsory voting functions as an agent of social cohesion which mainly focus on public etymologically: till what extent voluntary voting can shape of republic and this give understanding regarding the relationship between community and voting. Compulsory voting provides a rare occasion for solitary participation. Liberal democracy and global focus on democracy by Fareed Zakaria The US government is stuck on democracy that it has been keenly promoting it all over the globe. US State Department officials and politicians have connected eligibility for help to democratic improvements within the nations. Zakaria (2003) seems to have no objection to the aid. He just wishes that the United States would stop demanding that countries make democratic reforms as a condition for receiving the assistance. Therefore, many nations in Africa, South America, and Asia who have turned more democratic in recent years, but at the same time have become less free. What you end up with, the author writes, is little unlike from autocracy; albeit one that has greater legitimacy. Struggling nations require the rule of law and right and respect for individual — constitutional liberalism — very much. US government has been unconsciously approaching democracy on individual level. To take a step toward greater democracy is also obvious in America, however Zakaria (2003) does not like what he sees. He argues that people believe in the balance between the right of the majority and the will of the minority. America is at the same time pursuing a simple-minded theory that all people should value the legitimacy of democracy. This philosophy has destructed all old institutions and undermined all traditional authorities. Congress in America for example, is more democratic, but Zakaria (2003) adds that it is therefore more open to special-interest group pressures. The author too supports Zakaria (2003) and also states that spread of direct democracy — that is, referenda and vote initiative is prevalent in the US. On these processes, Leef (2003) says; give us a jumble of laws, often contradictory, without any of the debate, deliberation, and compromise that characterize legislation. Zakarias (2003) solution moves towards decision making and that is not democratic, therefore sightedness and special interest pressure remains. Zakaria (2003) really admires Federal Reserve because it is insulated by democracy. However this book is not well thought about the problems which Americans face and there people are making many different political decisions democratically. According to the author constitutional liberalism must return but deemphasizing democracy makes difference in political institution. Here author says that earlier democratic system in America was very less and was totally authoritarian government mandates but still it passed a lot of legislation as Zakaria (2003) wanted, thats why the author says that Zakaria (2003) has lost sight of the goal and he never focuses much on the goal namely a restoration of constitutional liberalism. Conclusion In the last, the long arguments remain the same that if there are freedom and equality which are considered to be intrinsic parts of democracy then why to enforce laws of compulsory voting. Compulsory voting is a contradiction in itself. If one has a democracy and one does not have freedom to vote or not to vote there, the very purpose of democracy that provides people with the right to vote or not to vote ge